A Person Who Is Trying to Study

WR7 – 1 Week Seven Homework No-Name Name: Writing Assignment Task WR7. 0 1. Knowledge Assessment: Lesson 8 – Managing Users and Computers (50 points). a. Fill in the Blank: Complete the following sentences by entering the correct word or words in the blanks: 1. In a case where multiple PSOs are configured for a particular user, Active Directory will determine which one to apply by using the PSO's precedence . 2. You can automatically add a technical support user to the local Administrators group of each domain workstation by using Restricted groups . 3. The pupate. exe command allows you to manually refresh Group Policy settings on a particular computer. 4. Tattooing refers to a Group Policy setting that is not removed when the GPO setting reverts to â€Å"Not Configured. † 5. You would audit account logon events to determine who is authenticating against your Active Directory domain controllers. 6. Each Active Directory domain controller acts as a(n) to enable t he distribution of Kerberos tickets. 7. folder redirection Key distribution center allows you to configure a user's Documents, Desktop, and other folders o that they are stored on a network drive rather than the local computer. 8. Settings in the kerberos poloicies section of Group Policy allow you to configure the maximum allowable clock skew between a client and a domain controller. 9. Auditing for Policy change events will alert you when a change is made to User Rights assignments, IPSec policies, or trust relationships. 10. You can create a consistent service startup configuration for multiple computers by using the system services node in Group Policy Knowledge assessment continues on the next pageIT222 Microsoft Network Operating System II b. Select the correct answer. c WR7 – 2 1. What type of object will you create to enable multiple password policies within a Windows Server 2008 domain? a. msDS-MinimumPasswordLength b. msDS-MultiplePasswordPolicies c. PasswordSetting sObject (PSO) d. msDS-PasswordObject b 2. Which configuration item has a default value of 90 minutes for workstations and member servers, with a random offset of 0 to 30 minutes to optimize network performance? a. Refresh time b. Refresh interval c. Clock skew d. Clock interval d . To determine which users are accessing resources on a particular member server in an Active Directory domain, which event type would you audit? a. Account logon event b. Policy change event c. Account management event d. Logon event a 4. Monitoring a system such as Active Directory for the success and/or failure of specific user actions is called a. auditing b. inspecting c. scanning d. sniffing c 5. Which audit category includes events such as server startup and shutdown, time changes, and clearing the security log within the Windows Event Viewer? . Process tracking b. Privileged use c. System Events d. Policy management Knowledge assessment continues on the next page WR7 – 3 Week Seven Assignment s a 6. Which feature allows you to control how much space a user can take on a particular hard drive volume, configurable via Group Policy? a. Disk quotas b. Folder redirection c. Offline files d. Object access auditing d 7. To prevent users from re-using a certain number of network passwords, what can you configure as part of a domain-wide policy or as part of a Fine-Grained Password Policy? . Minimum password length b. Minimum password age c. Maximum password age d. Enforce password history b 8. A PasswordSettingsObject (PSO) within Active Directory is also known as which type of object? a. msDS-PasswordSettingsPrecedence b. msDS-PasswordSettings c. msDS-PasswordComplexityEnabled d. msDS-MinimumPasswordLength c 9. Which Group Policy feature allows users to access user files when the user is disconnected from the corporate network? a. Folder redirection b. Disk quotas c. Offline files d. Object access auditing b 10.Which audit event type is triggered when user or group accounts are created, deleted, renamed, enabled, or disabled? a. Account logon events b. Account management events c. Privileged use events d. Policy management events IT222 Microsoft Network Operating System II 1. Knowledge Assessment: Lesson 9 – Software Distribution (50 points). a. Match the following definitions with the appropriate term. WR7 – 4 Definition a. This feature of Group Policy software installation will automatically reinstall critical application files if they are accidentally or maliciously deleted. . Group Policy software installations rely on this file type to create an installation package that can be cleanly Assigned and Published and that has self-healing capabilities. c. This Default Security Level in Software Restriction Policies will disallow any executable that requires administrative rights to run. d. This Group Policy software installation option is not available in the Computer Configuration node. e. When deploying software with Group Policy, you need to create one or more of these to house the installation files for the applications that you wish to eploy. f. his software restriction policy rule will prevent executables from running if they have been modified in any way by a user, virus, or piece of malware. g. If you need to deploy a software installation package that does not have an . msi file available, you can create one of these as an alternative. h. This describes a series of bytes with a fixed length that uniquely identifies a program or file. i. This software restriction policy rule will allow or prevent applications from running that are located within a particular folder or subfolder. j.This GPO software installation method can be used to automatically install an application when a computer starts up or a user logs in. g j Term Zap file Assign Basic User Hash Path Rule Publish Self-healing Distribution Share Msi file Hash Rule c h i d a e b f WR7 – 5 Week Seven Homework b. Select the correct answer. c 1. Which of the following rule types apply only to Windows Installer packages? a. Hash rules b. Certificate rules c. Internet zone rules d. Path rules d 2. Which file type is used by Windows Installer? a. .inf b. .bat c. .msf d. .msi file c 3.Which of the following is not one of the Default Security Levels that can be used with a software restriction policy? a. Basic User b. Unrestricted c. Restricted d. Disallowed d 4. As part of your efforts to deploy all new applications using Group Policy, you discover that several of the applications you wish to deploy do not include the necessary installer files. What can you use to deploy these applications? a. Software restriction policies b. .msi files c. .mdb files d. .zap files b 5. Which of the following describes the mathematical equation that creates a digital â€Å"fingerprint† of a particular file? . Hash rule b. Hash algorithm c. Software restriction policy d. Path rule IT222 Microsoft Network Operating System II d WR7 – 6 6. Which of the following rules will allow or disallow a script or a Windows Installer file to run on the basis of how the file has been signed? a. Path rule b. Hash rule c. Network zone rule d. Certificate rule c 7. You wish to deploy several software applications using Group Policy, such that the applications can be manually installed by the users from the Add/Remove Programs applet in their local Control Panel.Which installation option should you select? a. Assign b. Disallowed c. Publish d. Unrestricted b 8. You have assigned several applications using GPOs. Users have complained that there is a delay when they double-click on the application icon, which you know is the result of the application being installed in the background. What option can you use to pre-install assigned applications when users log on or power on their computers? a. Uninstall when the application falls out of scope b. Install This Application At Logon c. Advanced Installation Mode d.Path rule b 9. Which of th e following is used to develop information systems software through a structured process that includes analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance? a. Hash algorithm b. System Development Life Cycle c. Software Restriction Policy d. Group Policy Object c 10. Which of the following Default Security Levels in Software Restriction Policies will disallow any executable from running that has not been explicitly enabled by the Active Directory administrator? a. Basic User b. Restricted c. Disallowed d. Power User

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 906 Words

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a complicated disorder that begins after a traumatic event ((APA), May 18, 2013). Throughout history, PTSD was also known as railway spine, shell shock, traumatic (war) neurosis, concentration-camp syndrome, and rape-trauma syndrome. This disorder always happens after a personal tragic event. Such events include a natural disaster, murder, war, rape, and vehicular accidents, just to name a few. The important thing to remember is that it is always a personal event with a high rate of mortality (Gillian T Eagle, 2015). If someone witnesses a tragic event but is not directly affected, they could still have Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder if it was personal to them. Most people think that post-traumatic stress disorder is just for military personnel, but after September 11, 2001, PTSD cases rose by 65% in New York City alone (Affairs, 2014). Adults and children were greatly affected by this tragedy, but children under the age of 6 are not diagnosed with this disorder. According to the DSM-V, they are diagnosed under a subtype called Prominent Dissociative Disorder ((APA), May 18, 2013). There are signs and symptoms that someone will show if suffering with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. They will avoid certain areas of stimulus that remind them of the traumatic event. They will try to forget it ever happened. For example, if a soldier suffering from PTSD experienced aShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

How to Conjugate Brosser (to Brush)

The French verb brosser means to brush. To say I brush my teeth or She is brushing her hair, you would use the reflexive se brosser. (Je me brosse les dents and Elle se brosse les cheveux.) Brosser is a regular -er verb. How to Conjugate the French Verb Brosser Like any regular -er verb, you start conjugating brosser by determining the stem. The stem is bross- (the infinitive minus -er), and you complete the conjugation by adding the ending that matches the subject pronoun and tense youre using. These charts will guide you to choosing the proper ending. Present Future Imperfect Present participle je brosse brosserai brossais brossant tu brosses brosseras brossais il brosse brossera brossait nous brossons brosserons brossions vous brossez brosserez brossiez ils brossent brosseront brossaient Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je brosse brosserais brossai brossasse tu brosses brosserais brossas brossasses il brosse brosserait brossa brosst nous brossions brosserions brossmes brossassions vous brossiez brosseriez brosstes brossassiez ils brossent brosseraient brossrent brossassent Imperative (tu) brosse (nous) brossons (vous) brossez How to Use Brosser in the Past Tense To say you brushed something, youll most likely use the passà © composà ©. Brosser uses the auxiliary verb avoir and its past participle is brossà ©. However, whenever youre constructing the passà © composà © with a reflexive verb, the auxiliary verb is à ªtre. For example: Je me suis  brossà © les dents.I brushed my teeth. Il a brossà © le chat.He brushed the cat.

A Historical Approach on Racism and Identity Crisis...

A Historical Approach on Racism and Identity Crisis Through Langston Hughes’s Mulatto Imagine living in the 1930s as an African-American human being; the white man and woman have control and authority over all. During these times a great African-American writer tried to convey to his people that there was no such thing as a superior race. Langston Hughes was not an average African-American for those times. He was a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance and a pusher for equal rights. Through his many writings he showed his disappointment and disbelief with the behaviors of North and South African-Americans. In 1934, he wrote and published a book called, â€Å"The Ways of White Folks†. The play â€Å"Mulatto† is a version of one of the†¦show more content†¦She was subservient and well behaved for the Colonel. The 1930s were a wicked time and even harder for an African-American woman. Not only were they the wrong color, but they were the wrong sex as well. The women had to pacify and treat their men well if they wanted to be looked afte r. The character of Cora was a fictionalized version of how Hughes saw most African-American women. He did however give Cora a little bit of a back bone. Hughes made her strong and protective and that is how most African-American women are today. Black or white? One of the children in this play is going through an emotional and situational conflict with his self. He is not white and he is not black. He wants to be accepted, but he does not want to be considered as just another darkie. Cora begs her son to accept that he is not white, but he refuses and causes nothing but hardships for himself. In the 1930s there were only two races, white or â€Å"the other kindâ€Å". Being a mixed child brought nothing but pain and sorrow. They knew they were different and they wanted other people to accept it. Unfortunately the 1930s were filled with some very cruel and stupid individuals who saw only color and nothing else. There were two different worlds going on back then. T here was the white side of life and then there was the darkie side of life. There was a â€Å"color line† in place and that line was very hard to cross, especially in Georgia during the 1930s.Show MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States

How are social change and changes in knowledge linked Free Essays

It will then proceed by discussing aspects of social change in history, in particular how changes after the 2nd world war challenged old and traditional systems of knowledge. In this discussion this essay will focus on two dominant systems of knowledge, medicine and religion, and in what way the changing role of women in society has challenged these knowledge systems. With regard to religion this essay will also discuss the development of new age beliefs in today’s society with relevance to the question is religion in decline? This essay will aim to use relevant examples in this discussion in order to reach a conclusion of the link between social change and changes in knowledge in our society. We will write a custom essay sample on How are social change and changes in knowledge linked? or any similar topic only for you Order Now So lets begin by answering the question what is knowledge? ‘All knowledge is produced, collected, collated and disseminated by human beings living in societies.’ (Goldblatt 2000). It is inherited through the language we learn in our daily lives. We use many different sources of knowledge in order to understand where we Come from, who we are and the society within we live it shapes what we know and what we don’t know. It is the social structures and institutions within society, which shape the content of knowledge systems, be it in medicine, religion, the political ideologies and so on. They decide who holds the power in within these knowledge systems.’ They determine, for example, who has access to specialized knowledge languages (like medical training) and who has socially sanctioned and legal authority to make pronouncements on a given subject.'(Goldblatt 2000). Aside from specialized or expert knowledge there is also a different type of knowledge known as common sense knowledge. This is knowledge, which we all inherit or learn from family and friends, or acquire through outside influences accessible to us such as media or the Internet. It helps us understand or gain alternative knowledge on issues such as our health for example. It often comes in the shape of old wives tales, which have been passed down through generations. The dominant knowledge systems such as medicine religion and so on are not fixed however and when social change occurs, they are forced to respond to these changes, and in consequence it is also knowledge that can then influence change in society and determine how we live our lives. Throughout history society has seen many radical changes within its dominant knowledge systems. We have witnessesed major advances in scientific research, medicine, changes in ‘traditional’ religious beliefs and challenges to the dominant political ideologies, particularly following the Second World War. One of the foremost debates today is whether or not there has been a decline in the trust of expert knowledge within all aspects of society. There have always been experts with specialized knowledge even in ancient times. However years ago experts in their field be it science, medicine or religion were always trusted their knowledge was respected and believed as true, scientists, doctors, priests and the like. Although they were never completely unchallenged the authority of their knowledge was secure. However it could be argued that at this time people had no way of acquiring the knowledge to know any different and had no reason to challenge the experts. In time however new discoveries in science, medicine, and with new communication technology evolving all the time in all aspects of society, allowed people much more access to alternative knowledge and information. With this new knowledge people began to ask questions and have their say regarding issues of importance to them. Also new experts were emerging all the time to challenge old knowledge systems. ‘Debates that were once confined to a small circle of influential figures and institutions within each of these traditions are now amplified through the enormously expanded means of communication that now exists’ (Goldblatt 2000) It could be fair to argue then that it is not so much that there has been a decline in the trust of experts but that the old and traditional and trusted knowledge systems have become more diverse due to the emerge of alternate forms of knowledge within society, for example, alternative medicine, new political ideologies and so on. Following the 2nd world war feminism had a huge impact for women in all spheres of society. Science, medicine and religion, had largely been dominated by men throughout history. Women had been pretty much excluded from all these dominant knowledge systems. It was men who held superior patriarchy power within all aspects of society. This allows us then to not only question and discuss gendered knowledge but to also look at the interrelation between knowledge and power within these knowledge systems. Lets look at the at a feminist approach adopted by Fox Keller, with relevance to women’s place within medical science. She argues that knowledge production is gendered and shaped by patriarchy within social structures in society. ‘Modern science †¦ is based on a division of emotional and intellectual labour in which objectivity, reason and mind are cast as male and subjectivity, feeling and nature are cast as female. Science involves a radical separation of subject and object and ultimately the domination of mind over nature. The result is a popular conception of science – one that is more suited to men than women’. (Fox Keller). An example of this is the Royal Society founded by Charles II in1662. It was argued that the knowledge produced within this society was because of its ‘gentlemanly origins. They saw the importance of objective knowledge over subjective knowledge within the field of science and medicine. Women’s knowledge at this time was ‘devalued and relegated to folk medicine’ (Thompson and woodward 2000). It was due to the fact that women were excluded from higher education and therefore unable to attend medical universities, hence were unable to enter the medical field without training. ‘Power over Knowledge was used to maintain a structure in which women were systematically excluded from a male medical monopoly’ (Thompson and Woodward) Today however, due largely to the emerge of feminism, women now have equality with men in the medical profession, and other dominant knowledge systems such as religion. As with medicine religion too was dominated by the patriarchy power within society. In fact it wasn’t until 1992 that women were finally accepted into the priesthood. In contemporary society women have challenged the patriarchy of old and traditional religious beliefs in favour of new understanding of religion and what it means for them. Many women now focus on a more spiritual beliefs, one movement dedicated to this is that of eco-feminism. ‘Eco-feminism is a new term for an ancient wisdom. As women in various movements – ecology, peace, feminist and especially health – rediscovered the independence and connectedness of everything, they also discovered what was called spiritual dimension of life – the realization of this interconnectedness was itself sometime called spirituality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.The desire to recover, to regenerate [this] wisdom as a means to liberate women and nature from patriarchal destruction also motivated this turning towards spirituality.'(Mies and Shiva, 1997, p,500). So it is fair to argue that due to social change brought about by the emerge of feminism women have challenged both gendered knowledge and the power of knowledge in medicine and religion. The rise of Eco-feminism however is just one of the many alternative or new age beliefs within religion today. Which begs the question of religion in contemporary society and whether it is in decline. Or could it be that as with the knowledge system of medicine or expert knowledge in general, religion has become so diverse due to social change and the emerge of alternative religious beliefs brought about because of these changes. Religion has changed significantly throughout history. Following the emerge of the Royal Society and the intellectual movement throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, known as ‘The Age of Reason’, (Enlightenment), it was argued that ‘Science replaced religion as the dominant source of knowledge'(Woodward and Watt 2000) However religion has always played an important role for people within society due to the fact that unlike scientific knowledge it is religion, which helps us make sense of the moral issues that, can affect us in our daily lives. Social scientists debate into the question is religion in decline is known as the secularization thesis. Some argue that it is modernization, which is a threat to traditional religious thinking by citing new age beliefs as being responsible for this. Some argue that people now fill their time with other leisure activities instead. It is also argued that other forms of thought have taken over religion such as science for example. The fact also that the UK is now a multicultural society means there are many diverse forms of religion apart from the church of England. There are two main approaches in this debate positivist, whose approach is based on observing peoples behaviour toward religion. They use quantitative evidence such as questionnaires and surveys, which is argued may be limiting. The interpretative approach however would argue humans cannot be observed in the same way as objects. There aim is understand what religion or people’s beliefs mean to them and aim to explore those meanings from different perspectives. It can be argued that religion in contemporary society has become a significantly diverse knowledge system. Ethnic beliefs, women’s challenge to patriarchal religion and the emerge of new age beliefs, be it alternative medicine or green issues have meant that the traditional Church of England the dominant form of religion any more. So in conclusion then this essay began by defining what is knowledge. It then proceeded by questioning expert knowledge with regard to social change. It then focused on two dominant knowledge systems medicine and religion and discussed how the emerge of feminism challenged the knowledge systems. Lastly it discussed briefly the role of religion in contemporary society and questioned whether it is in decline and the relevance of women’s, ethnic and new age beliefs. It is fair to argue that the discussion in this essay does conclude that there is a significant link, not only between social change and knowledge but knowledge and social change. How to cite How are social change and changes in knowledge linked?, Papers

The Solar System Essay Research Paper Assignment free essay sample

The Solar System Essay, Research Paper Assignment 1: The Solar System The solar system consists of the Sun ; the nine planets, 67 orbiters of the planets and a big figure of little organic structures ( comets and asteroids ) . The inner solar system contains the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars: The planets of the outer solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto: The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focal point, though all except Mercury and Pluto are really about round. The orbits of the planets are all more or less in the same plane ( called the ecliptic and defined by the plane of the Earth # 8217 ; s orbit ) . The ecliptic is inclined merely 7 grades from the plane of the Sun # 8217 ; s equator. Pluto # 8217 ; s orbit deviates the most from the plane of the ecliptic with an disposition of 17 grades. Below you see a diagram that show some comparative information about most of the objects in our Solar System: Diameter ( kilometer ) Moons Surface temp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Solar System Essay Research Paper Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Surface gravitation Axial disposition Axial rotary motion The Sun 1 390 000 # 8211 ; 5800c # 8211 ; 25 # 8211 ; 36 yearss Mercury 4 878 None 350c / -170c 0.38 0 58 yearss Venus 12 104 None 480c 0.9 178 243 yearss The Earth 12 756 1 20c 1 23.4 23h 56m Red planets 6 787 None -23c 0.38 24 24h 37m Jupiter N/A 16 -150c 2.64 3.1 9h 50m Saturn 199 300 18 -180c 1.2 26.7 10h 39m Uranus 51 800 15 -210c 1.2 98 17h 10m Neptune 49 500 8 -220c 1.2 29.5 18h 24m Pluto 2 320 1 N/A 0.04 50 178 old ages The Moon 3 474 # 8211 ; 107c / -153c 0.17 1.5 27 yearss The Sun The Sun is the most of import portion of our solar system. It is the biggest object and does hold about 98 % of the whole mass of the solar system. About 1,3 billion Earths would suit inside the Sun. The Sun travels around the galaxy together with planets and other objects bound to it by gravitative forces. The largest of the organic structures we call planets, most of which are in bend are orbited by smaller Moons or orbiters. These objects, together with many lesser multitudes, are known as the Solar system. The Sun is merely a star, one of a 100 billion populating our galaxy entirely. Bing a star the Sun is an illustration of the cardinal edifice blocks of our existence. It formed, 4.5 billion old ages ago, as the karyon of a cloud of gas which was fall ining under its ain gravitative attractive force. At formation, H was the most abundant gas, as elsewhere in the existence, and accounted for three quarters of the Sun # 8217 ; s original stuff. This will alter as the H is burned, and within the really cardinal parts virtually all the H has been converted to He. The outer parts have non yet taken portion in H combustion. Astronomers have measured the chemical composing of the Sun, and can therefore gauge that of the initial solar nebula from which the Sun and planets formed. In add-on to 78 per centum by weight of H, they find 20 per centum to be helium, while merely 2 per centum remains for other elements such as O, C, N, and Fe. Subsequently, as its H becomes depleted, it will germinate into a elephantine ruddy star, swelling to steep the Earth and the interior planets. The remnant Sun will melt bit by bit to limbo, go throughing through the white midget phase on its manner. Mercury Mercury is named after the courier of the Roman Gods. It is the smallest of the interior planets and the 2nd smallest in the whole Solar System. It has a really weak magnetic field and # 8211 ; being the closest planet to the Sun # 8211 ; has merely a really thin ambiance of He captured from the solar air current. The surface of Mercury is really much like the Moon # 8217 ; s # 8211 ; with craters, mountains and vales. Since there is no signifier of ambiance, life on Mercury is impossible. Nor will at that place be any manned flights in the forseeable hereafter. However, there will be new remote-controlled investigations sent out, if merely to finish the map of the surface. Although Mercury has merely a 3rd the diameter of Earth, its denseness is about the same. This suggests that 65 to 70 per centum of Mercury # 8217 ; s weight is made up of a heavy stuff, likely Fe. This is concentrated in Mercury # 8217 ; s big nucleus. The outer bed is made of sillicate stone similar to the Earth # 8217 ; s mantle. Venus Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love. It is the 2nd planet from the Sun and the brightest object in the sky other than the Sun and the Moon. It was one time believed that life could be in Venus but that has been proved incorrect by assorted investigations. In fact, Venus has the most hostile environment in the full Solar System. The surface temperature is ferociously hot and the atmospheric force per unit area is oppressing. One of the more evident things that separate Venus from all the other planets in our solar system is that it rotates from E to west ( all the other planets rotate from West to east ) . Because of this, Venus is said to be about upside down. Conditionss may hold been better in the yesteryear. In the early phases of the Solar System, the Sun was non every bit bright as it is now and so Venus and the Earth would hold formed likewise. When the Sun became brighter, the Earth was far plenty off to get away serious harm but Venus was non. The surface temperature rose and the oceans dried up. Earth The Earth, the 3rd planet ( stone ) from the Sun, is the largest of the interior planets and besides has the highest denseness. It is the lone planet in the Solar System to be covered mostly with H2O, the lone planet with an ambiance made up chiefly of N and O and the lone organic structure that has a temperature suitable for life of the type that we know. It is besides the lone interior planet with a big Moon # 8211 ; Mercury and Venus have none and the Martian Moons are little. If the conditions on the Earth changed even somewhat, the life as we know it could decease out. The Earth # 8217 ; s rotary motion period is non changeless. It is easy lengthening due to tidal clash between the oceans and the sea floor. This is caused by the influence of the Moon. Our Moon The Moon has fascinated world throughout the ages. By merely sing with the bare oculus, one can spot two major types of terrain: comparatively bright Highlandss and darker fields. Current cognition of the Moon is greater than for any other solar system object except Earth. This lends to a greater apprehension of geologic procedures and farther grasp of the complexness of tellurian planets. The comparatively bright, to a great extent cratered Highlandss are called terrae. The craters and basins in the Highlandss are formed by meteorite. Red planets Red planets is the 4th planet from the Sun and the 7th largest. Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. The name of the month March derives from Mars. Mars has been known since prehistoric times. Except for Earth, Mars has the minute T extremely varied and interesting terrain of any of the tellurian planets. One being Olympus Mons, the largest mountain in the Solar System lifting 24 kilometer ( 78,000 ft. ) above the environing field. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars appears to miss active home base tectonics at present ; there is no grounds of recent horizontal gesture of the surface such as the folded mountains so common on Earth. Jupiter Jupiter is named after the male monarch of the Roman Gods. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, the 5th planet from the Sun and the first of the outer planets Jupiter has had a dominant consequence on a big portion of the Solar System. It is likely that Jupiter # 8217 ; s immense gravitation has prevented a planet from organizing in the country now occupied by the Asteroid Belt. Jupiter has a magnetic field 20,000 times stronger than that of the Earth # 8217 ; s, holding a annihilating consequence on its Moons. Saturn Saturn is the 6th planet from the Sun and the 2nd largest: In Roman mythology, Saturn is the God of agribusiness and has been known since prehistoric times. Galileo was the first to detect it with a telescope in 1610 ; he noted its uneven visual aspect but was confused by it. Early observations of Saturn were complicated by the fact that the Earth passes through the plane of Saturn # 8217 ; s rings every few old ages as Saturn moves in its orbit Like Jupiter, Saturn is approximately 75 % H and 25 % He with hints of H2O, methane, ammonium hydroxide and # 8220 ; stone # 8221 ; , similar to the composing of the aboriginal Solar Nebula from which the solar system was formed. Ouranos Uranus is the Forth largest planet in the Solar System and the seventh from the Sun. Named after the male parent of Saturn, Uranus is a bluish green coloring material due to the methane in its ambiance. Its magnetic axis is at 60 grades to its axis of rotary motion. The unusual axial joust may hold been caused by a hit by a big organic structure early in Uranus # 8217 ; life. Scientists must expect a new infinite mission. Uranus is composed chiefly of stone and assorted ices, with merely about 15 % H and a small He ( in contrast to Jupiter and Saturn which are largely hydrogen ) . Neptune Neptune # 8211 ; named after the Roman God of the sea # 8211 ; was discovered utilizing mathematic computations based on the orbit of Uranus. It is the 3rd largest planet in the Solar System and is normally the 2nd last planet in distance. Because of Pluto # 8217 ; s eccentic orbit, Neptune is the last planet for 20 old ages every 247 old ages. Neptune was the last planet until late, when Pluto past it with its orbit and became the last planet once more. Pluto Pluto was discovered on February 18, 1930, doing it the last planet found in our Solar System. Pluto is normally further from the Sun so any of the nine planets. Ground-based observations indicate that Pluto # 8217 ; s surface is covered with methane ice and that there is a thin ambiance that might stop dead and fall to the surface as the planet moves off from the Sun. Pluto has one Moon # 8211 ; Charon # 8211 ; its surface composing seems to be different from Pluto # 8217 ; s. The Moon appears to be covered with water-ice instead than methane ice. Its orbit is gravitationally locked with Pluto, so both organic structures ever keep the same hemisphere confronting each other. Asteroids Asteroids are bouldery and metallic objects that orbit the Sun but are excessively little to be considered planets. They are known as minor planets. Asteroids scope in size from Ceres, which has a diameter of about 1000 kilometer, down to the size of pebbles. Sixteen asteroids have a diameter of 240 kilometers or greater. They have been found inside Earth # 8217 ; s orbit to beyond Saturn # 8217 ; s orbit. Most, nevertheless, are contained within a chief belt that exists between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a planet that was destroyed in a monolithic hit long ago. Meteoroids and Meteorites The term meteor comes from the Greek? meteoron? , intending phenomenon in the sky. A meteoroid is matter go arounding around the Sun or any object in interplanetary infinite that is excessively little to be called an asteroid or a comet. A meteorite is a meteoroid that reaches the surface of the Earth without being wholly vaporized. Meteorites have proven hard to sort, but the three broadest groupings are rocky, rocky Fe, and Fe. The most common meteorites are chondrites, which are rocky meteorites. Radiometric dating of chondrites has placed them at the age of 4.55 billion old ages, which is the approximative age of the solar system. Comets Comets are little, delicate, irregularly molded organic structures composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases. They have extremely egg-shaped orbits that conveying them really near to the Sun and swing them profoundly into infinite, frequently beyond the orbit of Pluto. Comet constructions are diverse and really dynamic, but they all develop a environing cloud of diffuse stuff, called a coma, that normally grows in size and brightness as the comet approaches the Sun. As comets approach the Sun they develop tremendous dress suits of aglow stuff that extend for 1000000s of kilometres from the caput, off from the Sun. History Traditionally histories of Astronomy normally begin with the Greeks. The Grecian philosopher Aristotle held that the Earth is fixed at the centre of the existence while Ptolemy based a mathematical theoretical account of the traveling planets in our Solar System. Nicolaus Copernicus, in 1543, published his hypothesis that the Sun is the centre of the existence but since the instruction of Aristotle had been adopted by the church his position was seen as incredible. 1609 A.D. Five old ages after the visual aspect of the great supernova of 1604, Galileo builds his first telescope. He sees the Moons of Jupiter, Saturn # 8217 ; s rings, the stages of Venus, and the stars in the Milky Way. He publishes the intelligence the undermentioned twelvemonth in # 8220 ; The Starry Messinger # 8221 ; . 1665 A.D. At the age of 23, immature Isaac Newton realizes that gravitative force histories for falling organic structures on Earth every bit good as the gesture of the Moon and the planets in orbit. This is a radical measure in the history of idea, as it extends the influence of earthly behaviour to the kingdom of the celestial spheres. One set of Torahs, discovered and tested on our planet, will be seen to regulate the full existence. 1905 A.D. The first of his many seminal parts to twentieth century scientific discipline, relativity recognizes the velocity of visible radiation as the absolute velocity bound in the existence and, as such, unites the antecedently separate constructs of infinite and clip into a incorporate spacetime. Eleven old ages subsequently, his General Theory of Relativity replaces Newton # 8217 ; s theoretical account of gravitation with one in which the gravitative force is interpreted as the response of organic structures to deformations in spacetime which affair itself creates.

Overview of GPS Essay Example

Overview of GPS Essay GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and is based on satellites and their corresponding ground stations. As the Americans were the first to introduce such a system they named it NAVSTAR with the introduction of such a system for military use the Russians had also introduced a satellite system called GLONASS, usually the American version is referred to as GPS. Satellites in orbit around the earth not just America are arranged carefully so that sufficient satellites can be seen from any point on the planets surface so as to provide an accurate position.The Transit system was the old system which formed the basis on the NAVSTAR project it was developed in the early sixties, but had major flaws in that it was slow, it gave readings every 90 minutes with an accuracy of 250m at the 95% level was very inaccurate especially for military uses. However a new form of positioning system has emerged, known as DGPS (Differential global positioning system) where a more accurate reading is give n. Current new advances are being made for better accuracy positing systems everyday. Transit was switched off at the end of 1996.GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time, basically the coordinates X, Y, Z and time. To get these positions the GPS uses four satellites. Most GPS receivers display five basic sets of information to the user, they are, altitude above sea level, longitude and latitude, speed over ground and heading when moving. Navigation in three dimensions is the primary function of GPS. The main uses of navigation receivers are made for aircraft, ships, ground vehicles, and for hand carrying by individuals for example, teaching surveying techniques to students. GPS is also finding its way into everyday items such as the mobile phone and is probably going to be in most electrical equipment in the near future.The receiver can be classed as one of GPSs three segment s, with this the user can perform various tasks. The receiver can find its distance from the satellite by measuring the time for a signal to reach the receiver from the satellite, and can find its exact three-dimensional position using triangulation. The other segments of GPS are satellite constellation and ground/monitoring network, or can be known as space segment and control segments.The satellite constellation/space segment is 24 satellites in space and were launched 27 years ago in 1978 with the 24th hitting space in 1994. Each one of these satellites sends signals to the GPS receivers on the ground. In each orbital plane of the earth there can be upto four satellites orbiting that plane, the earth has six orbital planes, which in turn means that signals can be received 100% of the time. GPS transmits low powered signals from the satellites with frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. Also the satellites are in twelve hour circular orbitsThe orbits are nearly circular and equ ally spaced about the equator at a 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ degree separation with an inclination relative to the equator of nominally 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ degrees. The orbital radius is approximately 26,600 km (i.e., distance from satellite to centre of mass of the earth) Corin Gareth PearceFigure1 http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/education/curricula/giscc/units/u017/figures/figure02.gifThe figure on the next page shows how the three segments of GPS work together to give information to the user.Figure 2 GPS SegmentsThe second segment of GPS is the control segment, in this part of GPS the main function is for maintaining the satellites and their proper functioning. The responsibility for this comes down to OCS or operational control segment. This includes station keeping which is basically maintaining the stations in there proper orbital as well as monitoring the subsystems status. As with many computer system there needs to be a main system base, where all the data is transmitted and stored for other us es, in the case of GPS it is at Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado Springs.There is also the ground uplink antenna facility, which provides the means of commanding and controlling the satellites and uploading the navigation messages and other data. There are also sub bases along the line of the equator.Figure 3 The Control SegmentPosition determinationFigure 3 http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/~larry/gps/gps_talk.html1- Satellites position is determined relative to the Earth.2- Location on Earth is located relative to the satellite.3- THEN the Locations position on the Earth can be determined from the VECTOR sum of the other two measurements. All measurements are done to such a precision that the location on the Earth is known to within 15 m.The diagram above shows the general working of GPS however the position determination on the ground in surveying uses many different techniques.R1 = (Ta-Td) C = ?T CThe formula above is the equation to obtain the measured range, R1. We need range because in order to identify a position fix the principal involves the measurement of distance to three satellites of known position.C represents the velocity of light, ?T is the difference in time from when the satellite transmits a signal to the receiver and another name for this would be delay time. However the delay time, ?T is incorrect. The reason for this is because the time difference is wrong. This can be overcome using four satellites instead of the original number of three. The latter makes the distances calculated pseudo ranges because it recognises error and biasness in time delay, ?T C.So the question arises of, how we calculate exact timing on both clocks? What is meant by clocks, the clock in the satellite and the clock in the receiver. The clocks will need to be perfectly synchronised. It is known as pseudo ranges because a correlation procedure using pseudo random binary codes is used. It works in the following way, there are two types of binary code, P and S code. In this case the S code is used. When the receiver gets a transmission from the satellite, it releases the S code. This is then cross correlated with the satellites code, hence the determination of time delay, ?T can be found because it generated the same code received from the satellite to the receiver.However the pseudo-range is only suitable for navigational purposes a more precise measurement of range is needed for positioning in engineering surveying, for surveying carrier phase ranging is required, whereas with pseudo-range the L1 and L2 bands are modulated to P and S codes. This is the opposite in carrier phase ranging, the measurements depend on the carrier waves themselves. I.e. the observation does not use codes.Another difference about both ranging modes is that when the signal is transmitted from the satellite to the receiver, it is different to that of the original transmission this is because of the relative velocity, this is known as the Doppler Effect. The carrier phase is therefore ever changing according to the signal transmitted signal.Data processingGeoidThe actual surface of the earth cannot be defined in terms of a mathematical shape, it is whats called an oblate spheroid. Another way of evaluating the earths shape is known as a Geoid, which is defined as the equipotent of the earths gravity. I.e. the mean sea level. It uses the mean because of unavoidable forces acting upon the waves of the water which cause the sea level to deviate at time up to 2 meters from the Geoid. This was mentioned by J.B.Listing in 1872 as the geoids inconsistencies. Also the solid earths actual surface is too irregular to be represented by a mathematical relation, the Geoid. However because the Geoid is the surface to which all terrestrial measurements are related, it remains an important part to the surveyor.Figure 4 Geoid DiagramGeodetic heightSurveyors use the common Cartesian co-ordinates of latitude and longitude to define relative positions, however the third el ement of elevation, i.e height is not mentioned. In order to calculate further in-depth findings, elevation is needed. A classic determination method would be by sprit levelling, this is where the ellipsoidal mathematical numbering comes into play. The ellipsoid is not a physical reality it is merely a concept, it represents the earth having a smooth shape, and the reason for this is because calculations can be done to get the ellipsoid distance and co-ordinates. To convert the ellipsoid height given by the GPS observation into an orthometric elevation, i.e. height is to know the Geoid-ellipsoid difference at that point. H= h-N where h = ellipsoid height N = elevation.The National GridFor over 200 years the agency known as ordnance survey (OS) has been responsible for the mapping of Great Briton. Their construction, lead it to be used during both world wars, for example, in geological surveying. Its modern day use would be in scientific areas and also commercial and industrial sect ors as well as the military.Following on from the OS, the Transverse Mercator project went ahead, i.e. the basis of the National Grid was formed (NG).The NG uses units of meters and is superimposed on almost all amps. The reason being is that it will give the map reader a single-reference systems as well as a number for large scale maps. The figure below shows this, the lines over the United Kingdom are not real. The lines are at right angles (90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) to the central meridian. Basically this creates both northing and easting co-ordinates, i.e. x and y values in mathematics.Figure 5 http://www.aditsite.co.uk/assets/images/ukossheets.gifShowing the gird reference for the United Kingdom.GPS MethodsThere are many different GPS field procedures all with varying degrees of accuracies. In navigation, pseudo-range measurements are used. For fields like civil engineering, carrier frequency phase measurements would be suitable where the L1 carrier is 19cm to mm accurate and the navigat ion S-code (C/A) is about 30 mm in accuracy.The problem with carrier phase and pseudo-range measurements is that there are timing and propagation delays. However this can be solved by a few calculations, hence different methods are introduced to eradicate or minimise this disadvantage.To understand this better here are a few general terms explained,L1 and L2These are basically frequencies and are just carriers of codes.P codeThis is short for precise code. Satellite broadcasts have both L1 and L2 frequency broadcasting to the GPS, however because they are different the GPS needs to define which transmission is from which satellite. This is where the P code comes into play.C/A codeThis is much slowly broadcasted to the GPS than the P code, so in turn identification is very simple. This code is repeated every millisecond on the L1 frequency which makes C/A code unique to every L1 frequency.Static positioningThis was the first positing system for GPS surveying and since its introductio n it is still used today. This surveying technique takes around 30 minutes to 2 hours. The reason for this is because the satellite can take multiple readings from different positions which in turn would minimise systematic errors. If this type of field process is to work it needs one or more receiver and 2 or more satellites. The data is then collected and simultaneously processed to the user which then gives a position fix.Also if the user is surveying over large areas, say a few miles, static processing would be a good idea to use, since it is used to determine the length of long baselines and has the advantage of 5-10mm accuracy. For measurements of a shorter range the carrier phase errors can be ignored because of the high accuracy static has incorporated. It works like this, the surveyor with the GPS receiver sets up over a known position with coordinates x,y,z. then using a different receiver the user stands over a position which he/she wants to know.To understand why this pr ocess needs time is because of the cycle ambiguity problem this is where it needs time to solve the integer number of cycles between the satellites. This is one of its drawbacks, in that static processing is to slow but accurate.Rapid staticVery closely related to static positing but with a difference in occupation time, where static takes hours, this method only takes minutes. To achieve a shorter time has something to do with the ambiguity problem discussed above. There are two ways in which the problem can be eradicated, the problem of occupation that is. Often the problems money is thrown to solve it, one way would be is to have very expensive equipment and software, which could calculate equations very rapidly. This is the simple way of solving a problem but expensive. A less expensive approach would be to combine carrier phase with p-code measurements which would then get rid of the least squares solution for ambiguities and the combination of both the measurements would invol ve search routines as the GPS receiver is well capable of doing.Where static positions can take up to two hours, rapid static can reduce this time to around 20 minutes, a technique called wide laning makes this possible. Basically the GPS frequency bands L1 and L2 are put together in a linear combination, when both L1 and L2 are combined, 2 distinct signals arise. One is called narrow lane and the other wide lane. Also one is slower than the other and the wavelengths are different compared to L1 and L2. Ultimately these changes make the resolution much easier and a bigger wavelength increases the spacing of the ambiguity.A major advantage with rapid static is that the user can move around with the GPS receiver and not have to worry about what position the satellite is fixing too. This method is ideal if there are many points to be surveyed.KinematicsThis method of positioning is faster than static. It achieves this by suing the same field process as static where one receiver is in a known position of x,y,z coordinates and at least one receiver moving form point to point. When at a point of unknown coordinates the receiver only stops here for as little as two minutes before moving on to the next location, this is where it differs from static positioning. Another difference is that the data collected, shows not only x,y,z but also vectors between themselves and the original receiver of known coordinates.Re-occupationSimilar to both static and rapid static re-occupation works by going over the survey after a time gap of around two hours. It takes this long because of the satellite and the surveyor with the GPS receiver, the reason for this is when either of the equipment relocates, it alters the geometry to resolve the ambiguities.The techniques used here starts off the same as static positing. The master receiver, i.e. the receiver which has known coordinates of x,y,z is placed in position.The other receiver is then used to find particular unknown points, once c ompleted the cycle is started again and the second GPS receiver does exactly the same as the first time.To combat the problem of ambiguity this method uses the first few readings and the last few readings for which show the difference in receiver/satellite geometry.Stop and go kinematicsAlmost identical to the description above, but as the name suggest, the GPS receiver which determines the unknown position fix stops at that position. Time here can vary from a few seconds to minutes. Once stopped the correction is then made on individual positions unlike before where it was on a trajectory route.The problem of ambiguity is solved at the beginning of the process using various techniques. Another requirement is that for this method to work the moving receiver must maintain lock onto at least 4 GPS satellites or it will not work. This in turn renders it useless in areas where there are tunnels, woods, towns etc. i.e. where signal shading occurs.Traditional kinematicsSurveying the tradi tional way is very simple to the other types of kinematical techniques described above. However in this case the rover, i.e. the moving GPS receiver is constantly moving at a very slow pace. One receiver is stationed over the position of known coordinates. The rover basically moves over the points where the surveyor wants to know the position point. For all this to work lock must be maintained too at least 4 satellites. Traditional kinematics is used for a quick survey of linear details such as roads, railways, rivers etc.Real time kinematics RTKAs the name suggests, the position of an unknown point can be found in real time, i.e. almost instantaneously. With the other methods described before it never gave the position fixes instantaneously, the surveyor either had to wait for computer calculation or they themselves had to calculate it using raw data.This method uses mobile data communication to transmit information from the reference point to the moving rover. The transmission fro m the reference point sends carrier phase data to the rover, then the on-board computers resolve ambiguities and also solves for differences in coordinates.Uses of GPSOther than surveying GPS can be used for many different purposes and industries. The use of mobile phones is ever increasing and with the latest handsets comes GPS navigation. So for certain agencies in the UK the whereabouts of individuals can be located providing the phone is switched on. Also on a large scale the users of GPS are oil producing companies, so that they can find an appropriate route for oil pipelines and once established maintain its existence, GPS is used for surveying platforms. The reason why GPS is used in this field is to reduce the number of large scale disasters, i.e. tanker spills.Just like the mobile phone, GPS devices in new cars can find there way around new areas, weather it be other countries, cities, towns etc with the help of the map displayed on the GPS receiver.GPS can contribute to sa ving lives, with the recent earthquake in South Asia and mother natures countless events GPS can be used in geo-tectonic research (in earthquake movements). It does this by keeping track of minute shifts in the shape of the earths surface. Overall the introduction of GPS has saved many lives and made peoples everyday lives easier there isnt much criticism about GPS, apart from the expensiveness of the product and the handling and understanding of it to a novice user. But this can be overcome by means of background reading and manuals supplied with the product as well as manual demos.Reference:J.Uben ; W.F.Price, Surveying For EngineersJan Van Sickle, GPS for Land SurveyorsW.Whyte, R Paul, Basic SurveyingN.Short, Lecture Notes, 2004.Personal Achievements during the CourseTeam workAt the beginning of the task, there were 5 members in our team. But differences arose as to who would be a better leader, which resulted in our team having 4 members for the remainder of the surveying course , which became a disadvantage, however we pulled together well and certain tasks were assigned to certain people, which gave reliable and accurate result, an example of this is, that our levelling absolute error was 11mm. Personal I learnt how to listen to instructions, follow surveying procedures and was able to express my opinion of how certain tasks should be carried out and I felt that I was listened too.Surveying TechniquesAt first the task seemed difficult to grasp but I can honestly say that I learnt more about surveying during that week than I would have from books in that amount of time, I believe surveying is easier to learn practically. Basic equipment such as the Scope and the Staff for the levelling exercise from the OBM to our point 1, needed to be read correctly because if these readings were incorrectly recorded here it would result in the whole exercise being in error. I found the levelling exercise to be least difficult from all the tasks because of the understandi ng of the group and equipment.The reason for levelling to point 1 was because it would have being impractical to detail around the library and level off to the Woodcock sports gym. Overall the course allowed me to make friends with different people and I was able to see if I could cope within a surveying working environment, which I think that I did well considering we lost a member of our team early on and had a few discussions about certain objectives we werent agreeing on.Surveying ProceduresThe group walked around the library marking points where the stations should be placed, they had to be in certain spots because the stations needed to be intervisable between each other. In total we had 7 stations around the library and using the theodolite the group took it in turns to measure the angles between stations and distances. Together with angles and distances between surrounding trees, walls etc. what I learnt during this task is that both concentration and use of equipment accura tely needed to done to get accurate answers. I also found that to set the theodolite the user needs to rotate it 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c horizontally and then 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c vertically to get the theodolite to re-set.In surveying as well as the practical field procedures the data needed to be accurately recorded and worked on, I did a lot of checking to see if the data was accurate and I recorded the measurements myself when other group members were carrying out the practical work. I felt communication between the group was constructed effectively.Diary of summer 2005 Surveying CourseThe group on Saturday mourning went out and walked around the library to locate positions which needed to be intervisable between stations, the diagram below shows the general layout of what the team collectively decided would be the final positions of the stations. This task took no long than 2 hours, which we then had a general idea of what to do on Monday.Monday: day1Levelling exercise from the woodcock s ports centre to station1 was conducted by Andrew Baily and Thomas Docker, whilst they were doing this myself and Henry were conducting the levelling between station, shown on the map above. To ensure we did this correctly we did this a few times to see if we could get the same data as before. I believe the group levelling to station 1 did there exercise 4 times again to get accurate readings. The group took it in turns to use the instruments so that everyone would be able to see and learn what exactly was going on. At this point Sarab Jit was the group leader, but I felt and other members felt he did not know what he was doing, but we never said anything. However the levelling exercise was completed on this day, with very accurate results.Tuesday: day2Angles between stations was our second task to be carried out, I felt that if we worked together on this task we would get a better understand of the equipment and reasons why we do certain measurements in particular ways, because it w as mentioned , that the group should split into 2 groups again. In the end my decision was undertaken. Using the theodolite we sighted to station2 from station1 and then extracted the data, and then we sighted to station 1 from station2, to give the distance and angles. We did this throughout the day, but because we did not know how to start off, it took sometime to get going, we called it a day at station5. Events on this day, reduced our team count to 4, Sarab Jit decided that the whole course was not for him and he left the group, Andrew Baily was then allocated group leader.Wednesday: day3Carrying on from yesterday, we managed to finish of the final three stations, which were stations, 5, 6 and 7. We did not have any problems on this day because we knew what we were doing and I made sure that everyone was taking turns in handling the equipment so that they learn. Around the university there were other groups conducting similar exercises, but were falling behind and so we called it a day, because we were ahead of them all. Another reason was because we did not want to rush the detailing of the area, as we knew this would need concentration.Thursday: day4Detailing of the area around the library, here we decided what should be detailed and what should not, because it was not practical to detail every item around the area, we decided to detail large objects, which ranged from pillars to flower beds. The whole day was spent detailing however we did not manage to finish the detailing.Friday: day 5The final day, on this day detailing was completed and the group sat down and looked at the data to see if it looked correct and that there were no major problems or concerns in general about the week.