A Historical Approach on Racism and Identity Crisis...

A Historical Approach on Racism and Identity Crisis Through Langston Hughes’s Mulatto Imagine living in the 1930s as an African-American human being; the white man and woman have control and authority over all. During these times a great African-American writer tried to convey to his people that there was no such thing as a superior race. Langston Hughes was not an average African-American for those times. He was a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance and a pusher for equal rights. Through his many writings he showed his disappointment and disbelief with the behaviors of North and South African-Americans. In 1934, he wrote and published a book called, â€Å"The Ways of White Folks†. The play â€Å"Mulatto† is a version of one of the†¦show more content†¦She was subservient and well behaved for the Colonel. The 1930s were a wicked time and even harder for an African-American woman. Not only were they the wrong color, but they were the wrong sex as well. The women had to pacify and treat their men well if they wanted to be looked afte r. The character of Cora was a fictionalized version of how Hughes saw most African-American women. He did however give Cora a little bit of a back bone. Hughes made her strong and protective and that is how most African-American women are today. Black or white? One of the children in this play is going through an emotional and situational conflict with his self. He is not white and he is not black. He wants to be accepted, but he does not want to be considered as just another darkie. Cora begs her son to accept that he is not white, but he refuses and causes nothing but hardships for himself. In the 1930s there were only two races, white or â€Å"the other kindâ€Å". Being a mixed child brought nothing but pain and sorrow. They knew they were different and they wanted other people to accept it. Unfortunately the 1930s were filled with some very cruel and stupid individuals who saw only color and nothing else. There were two different worlds going on back then. T here was the white side of life and then there was the darkie side of life. There was a â€Å"color line† in place and that line was very hard to cross, especially in Georgia during the 1930s.Show MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States

How are social change and changes in knowledge linked Free Essays

It will then proceed by discussing aspects of social change in history, in particular how changes after the 2nd world war challenged old and traditional systems of knowledge. In this discussion this essay will focus on two dominant systems of knowledge, medicine and religion, and in what way the changing role of women in society has challenged these knowledge systems. With regard to religion this essay will also discuss the development of new age beliefs in today’s society with relevance to the question is religion in decline? This essay will aim to use relevant examples in this discussion in order to reach a conclusion of the link between social change and changes in knowledge in our society. We will write a custom essay sample on How are social change and changes in knowledge linked? or any similar topic only for you Order Now So lets begin by answering the question what is knowledge? ‘All knowledge is produced, collected, collated and disseminated by human beings living in societies.’ (Goldblatt 2000). It is inherited through the language we learn in our daily lives. We use many different sources of knowledge in order to understand where we Come from, who we are and the society within we live it shapes what we know and what we don’t know. It is the social structures and institutions within society, which shape the content of knowledge systems, be it in medicine, religion, the political ideologies and so on. They decide who holds the power in within these knowledge systems.’ They determine, for example, who has access to specialized knowledge languages (like medical training) and who has socially sanctioned and legal authority to make pronouncements on a given subject.'(Goldblatt 2000). Aside from specialized or expert knowledge there is also a different type of knowledge known as common sense knowledge. This is knowledge, which we all inherit or learn from family and friends, or acquire through outside influences accessible to us such as media or the Internet. It helps us understand or gain alternative knowledge on issues such as our health for example. It often comes in the shape of old wives tales, which have been passed down through generations. The dominant knowledge systems such as medicine religion and so on are not fixed however and when social change occurs, they are forced to respond to these changes, and in consequence it is also knowledge that can then influence change in society and determine how we live our lives. Throughout history society has seen many radical changes within its dominant knowledge systems. We have witnessesed major advances in scientific research, medicine, changes in ‘traditional’ religious beliefs and challenges to the dominant political ideologies, particularly following the Second World War. One of the foremost debates today is whether or not there has been a decline in the trust of expert knowledge within all aspects of society. There have always been experts with specialized knowledge even in ancient times. However years ago experts in their field be it science, medicine or religion were always trusted their knowledge was respected and believed as true, scientists, doctors, priests and the like. Although they were never completely unchallenged the authority of their knowledge was secure. However it could be argued that at this time people had no way of acquiring the knowledge to know any different and had no reason to challenge the experts. In time however new discoveries in science, medicine, and with new communication technology evolving all the time in all aspects of society, allowed people much more access to alternative knowledge and information. With this new knowledge people began to ask questions and have their say regarding issues of importance to them. Also new experts were emerging all the time to challenge old knowledge systems. ‘Debates that were once confined to a small circle of influential figures and institutions within each of these traditions are now amplified through the enormously expanded means of communication that now exists’ (Goldblatt 2000) It could be fair to argue then that it is not so much that there has been a decline in the trust of experts but that the old and traditional and trusted knowledge systems have become more diverse due to the emerge of alternate forms of knowledge within society, for example, alternative medicine, new political ideologies and so on. Following the 2nd world war feminism had a huge impact for women in all spheres of society. Science, medicine and religion, had largely been dominated by men throughout history. Women had been pretty much excluded from all these dominant knowledge systems. It was men who held superior patriarchy power within all aspects of society. This allows us then to not only question and discuss gendered knowledge but to also look at the interrelation between knowledge and power within these knowledge systems. Lets look at the at a feminist approach adopted by Fox Keller, with relevance to women’s place within medical science. She argues that knowledge production is gendered and shaped by patriarchy within social structures in society. ‘Modern science †¦ is based on a division of emotional and intellectual labour in which objectivity, reason and mind are cast as male and subjectivity, feeling and nature are cast as female. Science involves a radical separation of subject and object and ultimately the domination of mind over nature. The result is a popular conception of science – one that is more suited to men than women’. (Fox Keller). An example of this is the Royal Society founded by Charles II in1662. It was argued that the knowledge produced within this society was because of its ‘gentlemanly origins. They saw the importance of objective knowledge over subjective knowledge within the field of science and medicine. Women’s knowledge at this time was ‘devalued and relegated to folk medicine’ (Thompson and woodward 2000). It was due to the fact that women were excluded from higher education and therefore unable to attend medical universities, hence were unable to enter the medical field without training. ‘Power over Knowledge was used to maintain a structure in which women were systematically excluded from a male medical monopoly’ (Thompson and Woodward) Today however, due largely to the emerge of feminism, women now have equality with men in the medical profession, and other dominant knowledge systems such as religion. As with medicine religion too was dominated by the patriarchy power within society. In fact it wasn’t until 1992 that women were finally accepted into the priesthood. In contemporary society women have challenged the patriarchy of old and traditional religious beliefs in favour of new understanding of religion and what it means for them. Many women now focus on a more spiritual beliefs, one movement dedicated to this is that of eco-feminism. ‘Eco-feminism is a new term for an ancient wisdom. As women in various movements – ecology, peace, feminist and especially health – rediscovered the independence and connectedness of everything, they also discovered what was called spiritual dimension of life – the realization of this interconnectedness was itself sometime called spirituality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.The desire to recover, to regenerate [this] wisdom as a means to liberate women and nature from patriarchal destruction also motivated this turning towards spirituality.'(Mies and Shiva, 1997, p,500). So it is fair to argue that due to social change brought about by the emerge of feminism women have challenged both gendered knowledge and the power of knowledge in medicine and religion. The rise of Eco-feminism however is just one of the many alternative or new age beliefs within religion today. Which begs the question of religion in contemporary society and whether it is in decline. Or could it be that as with the knowledge system of medicine or expert knowledge in general, religion has become so diverse due to social change and the emerge of alternative religious beliefs brought about because of these changes. Religion has changed significantly throughout history. Following the emerge of the Royal Society and the intellectual movement throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, known as ‘The Age of Reason’, (Enlightenment), it was argued that ‘Science replaced religion as the dominant source of knowledge'(Woodward and Watt 2000) However religion has always played an important role for people within society due to the fact that unlike scientific knowledge it is religion, which helps us make sense of the moral issues that, can affect us in our daily lives. Social scientists debate into the question is religion in decline is known as the secularization thesis. Some argue that it is modernization, which is a threat to traditional religious thinking by citing new age beliefs as being responsible for this. Some argue that people now fill their time with other leisure activities instead. It is also argued that other forms of thought have taken over religion such as science for example. The fact also that the UK is now a multicultural society means there are many diverse forms of religion apart from the church of England. There are two main approaches in this debate positivist, whose approach is based on observing peoples behaviour toward religion. They use quantitative evidence such as questionnaires and surveys, which is argued may be limiting. The interpretative approach however would argue humans cannot be observed in the same way as objects. There aim is understand what religion or people’s beliefs mean to them and aim to explore those meanings from different perspectives. It can be argued that religion in contemporary society has become a significantly diverse knowledge system. Ethnic beliefs, women’s challenge to patriarchal religion and the emerge of new age beliefs, be it alternative medicine or green issues have meant that the traditional Church of England the dominant form of religion any more. So in conclusion then this essay began by defining what is knowledge. It then proceeded by questioning expert knowledge with regard to social change. It then focused on two dominant knowledge systems medicine and religion and discussed how the emerge of feminism challenged the knowledge systems. Lastly it discussed briefly the role of religion in contemporary society and questioned whether it is in decline and the relevance of women’s, ethnic and new age beliefs. It is fair to argue that the discussion in this essay does conclude that there is a significant link, not only between social change and knowledge but knowledge and social change. How to cite How are social change and changes in knowledge linked?, Papers

The Solar System Essay Research Paper Assignment free essay sample

The Solar System Essay, Research Paper Assignment 1: The Solar System The solar system consists of the Sun ; the nine planets, 67 orbiters of the planets and a big figure of little organic structures ( comets and asteroids ) . The inner solar system contains the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars: The planets of the outer solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto: The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focal point, though all except Mercury and Pluto are really about round. The orbits of the planets are all more or less in the same plane ( called the ecliptic and defined by the plane of the Earth # 8217 ; s orbit ) . The ecliptic is inclined merely 7 grades from the plane of the Sun # 8217 ; s equator. Pluto # 8217 ; s orbit deviates the most from the plane of the ecliptic with an disposition of 17 grades. Below you see a diagram that show some comparative information about most of the objects in our Solar System: Diameter ( kilometer ) Moons Surface temp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Solar System Essay Research Paper Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Surface gravitation Axial disposition Axial rotary motion The Sun 1 390 000 # 8211 ; 5800c # 8211 ; 25 # 8211 ; 36 yearss Mercury 4 878 None 350c / -170c 0.38 0 58 yearss Venus 12 104 None 480c 0.9 178 243 yearss The Earth 12 756 1 20c 1 23.4 23h 56m Red planets 6 787 None -23c 0.38 24 24h 37m Jupiter N/A 16 -150c 2.64 3.1 9h 50m Saturn 199 300 18 -180c 1.2 26.7 10h 39m Uranus 51 800 15 -210c 1.2 98 17h 10m Neptune 49 500 8 -220c 1.2 29.5 18h 24m Pluto 2 320 1 N/A 0.04 50 178 old ages The Moon 3 474 # 8211 ; 107c / -153c 0.17 1.5 27 yearss The Sun The Sun is the most of import portion of our solar system. It is the biggest object and does hold about 98 % of the whole mass of the solar system. About 1,3 billion Earths would suit inside the Sun. The Sun travels around the galaxy together with planets and other objects bound to it by gravitative forces. The largest of the organic structures we call planets, most of which are in bend are orbited by smaller Moons or orbiters. These objects, together with many lesser multitudes, are known as the Solar system. The Sun is merely a star, one of a 100 billion populating our galaxy entirely. Bing a star the Sun is an illustration of the cardinal edifice blocks of our existence. It formed, 4.5 billion old ages ago, as the karyon of a cloud of gas which was fall ining under its ain gravitative attractive force. At formation, H was the most abundant gas, as elsewhere in the existence, and accounted for three quarters of the Sun # 8217 ; s original stuff. This will alter as the H is burned, and within the really cardinal parts virtually all the H has been converted to He. The outer parts have non yet taken portion in H combustion. Astronomers have measured the chemical composing of the Sun, and can therefore gauge that of the initial solar nebula from which the Sun and planets formed. In add-on to 78 per centum by weight of H, they find 20 per centum to be helium, while merely 2 per centum remains for other elements such as O, C, N, and Fe. Subsequently, as its H becomes depleted, it will germinate into a elephantine ruddy star, swelling to steep the Earth and the interior planets. The remnant Sun will melt bit by bit to limbo, go throughing through the white midget phase on its manner. Mercury Mercury is named after the courier of the Roman Gods. It is the smallest of the interior planets and the 2nd smallest in the whole Solar System. It has a really weak magnetic field and # 8211 ; being the closest planet to the Sun # 8211 ; has merely a really thin ambiance of He captured from the solar air current. The surface of Mercury is really much like the Moon # 8217 ; s # 8211 ; with craters, mountains and vales. Since there is no signifier of ambiance, life on Mercury is impossible. Nor will at that place be any manned flights in the forseeable hereafter. However, there will be new remote-controlled investigations sent out, if merely to finish the map of the surface. Although Mercury has merely a 3rd the diameter of Earth, its denseness is about the same. This suggests that 65 to 70 per centum of Mercury # 8217 ; s weight is made up of a heavy stuff, likely Fe. This is concentrated in Mercury # 8217 ; s big nucleus. The outer bed is made of sillicate stone similar to the Earth # 8217 ; s mantle. Venus Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love. It is the 2nd planet from the Sun and the brightest object in the sky other than the Sun and the Moon. It was one time believed that life could be in Venus but that has been proved incorrect by assorted investigations. In fact, Venus has the most hostile environment in the full Solar System. The surface temperature is ferociously hot and the atmospheric force per unit area is oppressing. One of the more evident things that separate Venus from all the other planets in our solar system is that it rotates from E to west ( all the other planets rotate from West to east ) . Because of this, Venus is said to be about upside down. Conditionss may hold been better in the yesteryear. In the early phases of the Solar System, the Sun was non every bit bright as it is now and so Venus and the Earth would hold formed likewise. When the Sun became brighter, the Earth was far plenty off to get away serious harm but Venus was non. The surface temperature rose and the oceans dried up. Earth The Earth, the 3rd planet ( stone ) from the Sun, is the largest of the interior planets and besides has the highest denseness. It is the lone planet in the Solar System to be covered mostly with H2O, the lone planet with an ambiance made up chiefly of N and O and the lone organic structure that has a temperature suitable for life of the type that we know. It is besides the lone interior planet with a big Moon # 8211 ; Mercury and Venus have none and the Martian Moons are little. If the conditions on the Earth changed even somewhat, the life as we know it could decease out. The Earth # 8217 ; s rotary motion period is non changeless. It is easy lengthening due to tidal clash between the oceans and the sea floor. This is caused by the influence of the Moon. Our Moon The Moon has fascinated world throughout the ages. By merely sing with the bare oculus, one can spot two major types of terrain: comparatively bright Highlandss and darker fields. Current cognition of the Moon is greater than for any other solar system object except Earth. This lends to a greater apprehension of geologic procedures and farther grasp of the complexness of tellurian planets. The comparatively bright, to a great extent cratered Highlandss are called terrae. The craters and basins in the Highlandss are formed by meteorite. Red planets Red planets is the 4th planet from the Sun and the 7th largest. Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. The name of the month March derives from Mars. Mars has been known since prehistoric times. Except for Earth, Mars has the minute T extremely varied and interesting terrain of any of the tellurian planets. One being Olympus Mons, the largest mountain in the Solar System lifting 24 kilometer ( 78,000 ft. ) above the environing field. Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars appears to miss active home base tectonics at present ; there is no grounds of recent horizontal gesture of the surface such as the folded mountains so common on Earth. Jupiter Jupiter is named after the male monarch of the Roman Gods. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, the 5th planet from the Sun and the first of the outer planets Jupiter has had a dominant consequence on a big portion of the Solar System. It is likely that Jupiter # 8217 ; s immense gravitation has prevented a planet from organizing in the country now occupied by the Asteroid Belt. Jupiter has a magnetic field 20,000 times stronger than that of the Earth # 8217 ; s, holding a annihilating consequence on its Moons. Saturn Saturn is the 6th planet from the Sun and the 2nd largest: In Roman mythology, Saturn is the God of agribusiness and has been known since prehistoric times. Galileo was the first to detect it with a telescope in 1610 ; he noted its uneven visual aspect but was confused by it. Early observations of Saturn were complicated by the fact that the Earth passes through the plane of Saturn # 8217 ; s rings every few old ages as Saturn moves in its orbit Like Jupiter, Saturn is approximately 75 % H and 25 % He with hints of H2O, methane, ammonium hydroxide and # 8220 ; stone # 8221 ; , similar to the composing of the aboriginal Solar Nebula from which the solar system was formed. Ouranos Uranus is the Forth largest planet in the Solar System and the seventh from the Sun. Named after the male parent of Saturn, Uranus is a bluish green coloring material due to the methane in its ambiance. Its magnetic axis is at 60 grades to its axis of rotary motion. The unusual axial joust may hold been caused by a hit by a big organic structure early in Uranus # 8217 ; life. Scientists must expect a new infinite mission. Uranus is composed chiefly of stone and assorted ices, with merely about 15 % H and a small He ( in contrast to Jupiter and Saturn which are largely hydrogen ) . Neptune Neptune # 8211 ; named after the Roman God of the sea # 8211 ; was discovered utilizing mathematic computations based on the orbit of Uranus. It is the 3rd largest planet in the Solar System and is normally the 2nd last planet in distance. Because of Pluto # 8217 ; s eccentic orbit, Neptune is the last planet for 20 old ages every 247 old ages. Neptune was the last planet until late, when Pluto past it with its orbit and became the last planet once more. Pluto Pluto was discovered on February 18, 1930, doing it the last planet found in our Solar System. Pluto is normally further from the Sun so any of the nine planets. Ground-based observations indicate that Pluto # 8217 ; s surface is covered with methane ice and that there is a thin ambiance that might stop dead and fall to the surface as the planet moves off from the Sun. Pluto has one Moon # 8211 ; Charon # 8211 ; its surface composing seems to be different from Pluto # 8217 ; s. The Moon appears to be covered with water-ice instead than methane ice. Its orbit is gravitationally locked with Pluto, so both organic structures ever keep the same hemisphere confronting each other. Asteroids Asteroids are bouldery and metallic objects that orbit the Sun but are excessively little to be considered planets. They are known as minor planets. Asteroids scope in size from Ceres, which has a diameter of about 1000 kilometer, down to the size of pebbles. Sixteen asteroids have a diameter of 240 kilometers or greater. They have been found inside Earth # 8217 ; s orbit to beyond Saturn # 8217 ; s orbit. Most, nevertheless, are contained within a chief belt that exists between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a planet that was destroyed in a monolithic hit long ago. Meteoroids and Meteorites The term meteor comes from the Greek? meteoron? , intending phenomenon in the sky. A meteoroid is matter go arounding around the Sun or any object in interplanetary infinite that is excessively little to be called an asteroid or a comet. A meteorite is a meteoroid that reaches the surface of the Earth without being wholly vaporized. Meteorites have proven hard to sort, but the three broadest groupings are rocky, rocky Fe, and Fe. The most common meteorites are chondrites, which are rocky meteorites. Radiometric dating of chondrites has placed them at the age of 4.55 billion old ages, which is the approximative age of the solar system. Comets Comets are little, delicate, irregularly molded organic structures composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases. They have extremely egg-shaped orbits that conveying them really near to the Sun and swing them profoundly into infinite, frequently beyond the orbit of Pluto. Comet constructions are diverse and really dynamic, but they all develop a environing cloud of diffuse stuff, called a coma, that normally grows in size and brightness as the comet approaches the Sun. As comets approach the Sun they develop tremendous dress suits of aglow stuff that extend for 1000000s of kilometres from the caput, off from the Sun. History Traditionally histories of Astronomy normally begin with the Greeks. The Grecian philosopher Aristotle held that the Earth is fixed at the centre of the existence while Ptolemy based a mathematical theoretical account of the traveling planets in our Solar System. Nicolaus Copernicus, in 1543, published his hypothesis that the Sun is the centre of the existence but since the instruction of Aristotle had been adopted by the church his position was seen as incredible. 1609 A.D. Five old ages after the visual aspect of the great supernova of 1604, Galileo builds his first telescope. He sees the Moons of Jupiter, Saturn # 8217 ; s rings, the stages of Venus, and the stars in the Milky Way. He publishes the intelligence the undermentioned twelvemonth in # 8220 ; The Starry Messinger # 8221 ; . 1665 A.D. At the age of 23, immature Isaac Newton realizes that gravitative force histories for falling organic structures on Earth every bit good as the gesture of the Moon and the planets in orbit. This is a radical measure in the history of idea, as it extends the influence of earthly behaviour to the kingdom of the celestial spheres. One set of Torahs, discovered and tested on our planet, will be seen to regulate the full existence. 1905 A.D. The first of his many seminal parts to twentieth century scientific discipline, relativity recognizes the velocity of visible radiation as the absolute velocity bound in the existence and, as such, unites the antecedently separate constructs of infinite and clip into a incorporate spacetime. Eleven old ages subsequently, his General Theory of Relativity replaces Newton # 8217 ; s theoretical account of gravitation with one in which the gravitative force is interpreted as the response of organic structures to deformations in spacetime which affair itself creates.

Overview of GPS Essay Example

Overview of GPS Essay GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and is based on satellites and their corresponding ground stations. As the Americans were the first to introduce such a system they named it NAVSTAR with the introduction of such a system for military use the Russians had also introduced a satellite system called GLONASS, usually the American version is referred to as GPS. Satellites in orbit around the earth not just America are arranged carefully so that sufficient satellites can be seen from any point on the planets surface so as to provide an accurate position.The Transit system was the old system which formed the basis on the NAVSTAR project it was developed in the early sixties, but had major flaws in that it was slow, it gave readings every 90 minutes with an accuracy of 250m at the 95% level was very inaccurate especially for military uses. However a new form of positioning system has emerged, known as DGPS (Differential global positioning system) where a more accurate reading is give n. Current new advances are being made for better accuracy positing systems everyday. Transit was switched off at the end of 1996.GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time, basically the coordinates X, Y, Z and time. To get these positions the GPS uses four satellites. Most GPS receivers display five basic sets of information to the user, they are, altitude above sea level, longitude and latitude, speed over ground and heading when moving. Navigation in three dimensions is the primary function of GPS. The main uses of navigation receivers are made for aircraft, ships, ground vehicles, and for hand carrying by individuals for example, teaching surveying techniques to students. GPS is also finding its way into everyday items such as the mobile phone and is probably going to be in most electrical equipment in the near future.The receiver can be classed as one of GPSs three segment s, with this the user can perform various tasks. The receiver can find its distance from the satellite by measuring the time for a signal to reach the receiver from the satellite, and can find its exact three-dimensional position using triangulation. The other segments of GPS are satellite constellation and ground/monitoring network, or can be known as space segment and control segments.The satellite constellation/space segment is 24 satellites in space and were launched 27 years ago in 1978 with the 24th hitting space in 1994. Each one of these satellites sends signals to the GPS receivers on the ground. In each orbital plane of the earth there can be upto four satellites orbiting that plane, the earth has six orbital planes, which in turn means that signals can be received 100% of the time. GPS transmits low powered signals from the satellites with frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. Also the satellites are in twelve hour circular orbitsThe orbits are nearly circular and equ ally spaced about the equator at a 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ degree separation with an inclination relative to the equator of nominally 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ degrees. The orbital radius is approximately 26,600 km (i.e., distance from satellite to centre of mass of the earth) Corin Gareth PearceFigure1 http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/education/curricula/giscc/units/u017/figures/figure02.gifThe figure on the next page shows how the three segments of GPS work together to give information to the user.Figure 2 GPS SegmentsThe second segment of GPS is the control segment, in this part of GPS the main function is for maintaining the satellites and their proper functioning. The responsibility for this comes down to OCS or operational control segment. This includes station keeping which is basically maintaining the stations in there proper orbital as well as monitoring the subsystems status. As with many computer system there needs to be a main system base, where all the data is transmitted and stored for other us es, in the case of GPS it is at Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado Springs.There is also the ground uplink antenna facility, which provides the means of commanding and controlling the satellites and uploading the navigation messages and other data. There are also sub bases along the line of the equator.Figure 3 The Control SegmentPosition determinationFigure 3 http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/~larry/gps/gps_talk.html1- Satellites position is determined relative to the Earth.2- Location on Earth is located relative to the satellite.3- THEN the Locations position on the Earth can be determined from the VECTOR sum of the other two measurements. All measurements are done to such a precision that the location on the Earth is known to within 15 m.The diagram above shows the general working of GPS however the position determination on the ground in surveying uses many different techniques.R1 = (Ta-Td) C = ?T CThe formula above is the equation to obtain the measured range, R1. We need range because in order to identify a position fix the principal involves the measurement of distance to three satellites of known position.C represents the velocity of light, ?T is the difference in time from when the satellite transmits a signal to the receiver and another name for this would be delay time. However the delay time, ?T is incorrect. The reason for this is because the time difference is wrong. This can be overcome using four satellites instead of the original number of three. The latter makes the distances calculated pseudo ranges because it recognises error and biasness in time delay, ?T C.So the question arises of, how we calculate exact timing on both clocks? What is meant by clocks, the clock in the satellite and the clock in the receiver. The clocks will need to be perfectly synchronised. It is known as pseudo ranges because a correlation procedure using pseudo random binary codes is used. It works in the following way, there are two types of binary code, P and S code. In this case the S code is used. When the receiver gets a transmission from the satellite, it releases the S code. This is then cross correlated with the satellites code, hence the determination of time delay, ?T can be found because it generated the same code received from the satellite to the receiver.However the pseudo-range is only suitable for navigational purposes a more precise measurement of range is needed for positioning in engineering surveying, for surveying carrier phase ranging is required, whereas with pseudo-range the L1 and L2 bands are modulated to P and S codes. This is the opposite in carrier phase ranging, the measurements depend on the carrier waves themselves. I.e. the observation does not use codes.Another difference about both ranging modes is that when the signal is transmitted from the satellite to the receiver, it is different to that of the original transmission this is because of the relative velocity, this is known as the Doppler Effect. The carrier phase is therefore ever changing according to the signal transmitted signal.Data processingGeoidThe actual surface of the earth cannot be defined in terms of a mathematical shape, it is whats called an oblate spheroid. Another way of evaluating the earths shape is known as a Geoid, which is defined as the equipotent of the earths gravity. I.e. the mean sea level. It uses the mean because of unavoidable forces acting upon the waves of the water which cause the sea level to deviate at time up to 2 meters from the Geoid. This was mentioned by J.B.Listing in 1872 as the geoids inconsistencies. Also the solid earths actual surface is too irregular to be represented by a mathematical relation, the Geoid. However because the Geoid is the surface to which all terrestrial measurements are related, it remains an important part to the surveyor.Figure 4 Geoid DiagramGeodetic heightSurveyors use the common Cartesian co-ordinates of latitude and longitude to define relative positions, however the third el ement of elevation, i.e height is not mentioned. In order to calculate further in-depth findings, elevation is needed. A classic determination method would be by sprit levelling, this is where the ellipsoidal mathematical numbering comes into play. The ellipsoid is not a physical reality it is merely a concept, it represents the earth having a smooth shape, and the reason for this is because calculations can be done to get the ellipsoid distance and co-ordinates. To convert the ellipsoid height given by the GPS observation into an orthometric elevation, i.e. height is to know the Geoid-ellipsoid difference at that point. H= h-N where h = ellipsoid height N = elevation.The National GridFor over 200 years the agency known as ordnance survey (OS) has been responsible for the mapping of Great Briton. Their construction, lead it to be used during both world wars, for example, in geological surveying. Its modern day use would be in scientific areas and also commercial and industrial sect ors as well as the military.Following on from the OS, the Transverse Mercator project went ahead, i.e. the basis of the National Grid was formed (NG).The NG uses units of meters and is superimposed on almost all amps. The reason being is that it will give the map reader a single-reference systems as well as a number for large scale maps. The figure below shows this, the lines over the United Kingdom are not real. The lines are at right angles (90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) to the central meridian. Basically this creates both northing and easting co-ordinates, i.e. x and y values in mathematics.Figure 5 http://www.aditsite.co.uk/assets/images/ukossheets.gifShowing the gird reference for the United Kingdom.GPS MethodsThere are many different GPS field procedures all with varying degrees of accuracies. In navigation, pseudo-range measurements are used. For fields like civil engineering, carrier frequency phase measurements would be suitable where the L1 carrier is 19cm to mm accurate and the navigat ion S-code (C/A) is about 30 mm in accuracy.The problem with carrier phase and pseudo-range measurements is that there are timing and propagation delays. However this can be solved by a few calculations, hence different methods are introduced to eradicate or minimise this disadvantage.To understand this better here are a few general terms explained,L1 and L2These are basically frequencies and are just carriers of codes.P codeThis is short for precise code. Satellite broadcasts have both L1 and L2 frequency broadcasting to the GPS, however because they are different the GPS needs to define which transmission is from which satellite. This is where the P code comes into play.C/A codeThis is much slowly broadcasted to the GPS than the P code, so in turn identification is very simple. This code is repeated every millisecond on the L1 frequency which makes C/A code unique to every L1 frequency.Static positioningThis was the first positing system for GPS surveying and since its introductio n it is still used today. This surveying technique takes around 30 minutes to 2 hours. The reason for this is because the satellite can take multiple readings from different positions which in turn would minimise systematic errors. If this type of field process is to work it needs one or more receiver and 2 or more satellites. The data is then collected and simultaneously processed to the user which then gives a position fix.Also if the user is surveying over large areas, say a few miles, static processing would be a good idea to use, since it is used to determine the length of long baselines and has the advantage of 5-10mm accuracy. For measurements of a shorter range the carrier phase errors can be ignored because of the high accuracy static has incorporated. It works like this, the surveyor with the GPS receiver sets up over a known position with coordinates x,y,z. then using a different receiver the user stands over a position which he/she wants to know.To understand why this pr ocess needs time is because of the cycle ambiguity problem this is where it needs time to solve the integer number of cycles between the satellites. This is one of its drawbacks, in that static processing is to slow but accurate.Rapid staticVery closely related to static positing but with a difference in occupation time, where static takes hours, this method only takes minutes. To achieve a shorter time has something to do with the ambiguity problem discussed above. There are two ways in which the problem can be eradicated, the problem of occupation that is. Often the problems money is thrown to solve it, one way would be is to have very expensive equipment and software, which could calculate equations very rapidly. This is the simple way of solving a problem but expensive. A less expensive approach would be to combine carrier phase with p-code measurements which would then get rid of the least squares solution for ambiguities and the combination of both the measurements would invol ve search routines as the GPS receiver is well capable of doing.Where static positions can take up to two hours, rapid static can reduce this time to around 20 minutes, a technique called wide laning makes this possible. Basically the GPS frequency bands L1 and L2 are put together in a linear combination, when both L1 and L2 are combined, 2 distinct signals arise. One is called narrow lane and the other wide lane. Also one is slower than the other and the wavelengths are different compared to L1 and L2. Ultimately these changes make the resolution much easier and a bigger wavelength increases the spacing of the ambiguity.A major advantage with rapid static is that the user can move around with the GPS receiver and not have to worry about what position the satellite is fixing too. This method is ideal if there are many points to be surveyed.KinematicsThis method of positioning is faster than static. It achieves this by suing the same field process as static where one receiver is in a known position of x,y,z coordinates and at least one receiver moving form point to point. When at a point of unknown coordinates the receiver only stops here for as little as two minutes before moving on to the next location, this is where it differs from static positioning. Another difference is that the data collected, shows not only x,y,z but also vectors between themselves and the original receiver of known coordinates.Re-occupationSimilar to both static and rapid static re-occupation works by going over the survey after a time gap of around two hours. It takes this long because of the satellite and the surveyor with the GPS receiver, the reason for this is when either of the equipment relocates, it alters the geometry to resolve the ambiguities.The techniques used here starts off the same as static positing. The master receiver, i.e. the receiver which has known coordinates of x,y,z is placed in position.The other receiver is then used to find particular unknown points, once c ompleted the cycle is started again and the second GPS receiver does exactly the same as the first time.To combat the problem of ambiguity this method uses the first few readings and the last few readings for which show the difference in receiver/satellite geometry.Stop and go kinematicsAlmost identical to the description above, but as the name suggest, the GPS receiver which determines the unknown position fix stops at that position. Time here can vary from a few seconds to minutes. Once stopped the correction is then made on individual positions unlike before where it was on a trajectory route.The problem of ambiguity is solved at the beginning of the process using various techniques. Another requirement is that for this method to work the moving receiver must maintain lock onto at least 4 GPS satellites or it will not work. This in turn renders it useless in areas where there are tunnels, woods, towns etc. i.e. where signal shading occurs.Traditional kinematicsSurveying the tradi tional way is very simple to the other types of kinematical techniques described above. However in this case the rover, i.e. the moving GPS receiver is constantly moving at a very slow pace. One receiver is stationed over the position of known coordinates. The rover basically moves over the points where the surveyor wants to know the position point. For all this to work lock must be maintained too at least 4 satellites. Traditional kinematics is used for a quick survey of linear details such as roads, railways, rivers etc.Real time kinematics RTKAs the name suggests, the position of an unknown point can be found in real time, i.e. almost instantaneously. With the other methods described before it never gave the position fixes instantaneously, the surveyor either had to wait for computer calculation or they themselves had to calculate it using raw data.This method uses mobile data communication to transmit information from the reference point to the moving rover. The transmission fro m the reference point sends carrier phase data to the rover, then the on-board computers resolve ambiguities and also solves for differences in coordinates.Uses of GPSOther than surveying GPS can be used for many different purposes and industries. The use of mobile phones is ever increasing and with the latest handsets comes GPS navigation. So for certain agencies in the UK the whereabouts of individuals can be located providing the phone is switched on. Also on a large scale the users of GPS are oil producing companies, so that they can find an appropriate route for oil pipelines and once established maintain its existence, GPS is used for surveying platforms. The reason why GPS is used in this field is to reduce the number of large scale disasters, i.e. tanker spills.Just like the mobile phone, GPS devices in new cars can find there way around new areas, weather it be other countries, cities, towns etc with the help of the map displayed on the GPS receiver.GPS can contribute to sa ving lives, with the recent earthquake in South Asia and mother natures countless events GPS can be used in geo-tectonic research (in earthquake movements). It does this by keeping track of minute shifts in the shape of the earths surface. Overall the introduction of GPS has saved many lives and made peoples everyday lives easier there isnt much criticism about GPS, apart from the expensiveness of the product and the handling and understanding of it to a novice user. But this can be overcome by means of background reading and manuals supplied with the product as well as manual demos.Reference:J.Uben ; W.F.Price, Surveying For EngineersJan Van Sickle, GPS for Land SurveyorsW.Whyte, R Paul, Basic SurveyingN.Short, Lecture Notes, 2004.Personal Achievements during the CourseTeam workAt the beginning of the task, there were 5 members in our team. But differences arose as to who would be a better leader, which resulted in our team having 4 members for the remainder of the surveying course , which became a disadvantage, however we pulled together well and certain tasks were assigned to certain people, which gave reliable and accurate result, an example of this is, that our levelling absolute error was 11mm. Personal I learnt how to listen to instructions, follow surveying procedures and was able to express my opinion of how certain tasks should be carried out and I felt that I was listened too.Surveying TechniquesAt first the task seemed difficult to grasp but I can honestly say that I learnt more about surveying during that week than I would have from books in that amount of time, I believe surveying is easier to learn practically. Basic equipment such as the Scope and the Staff for the levelling exercise from the OBM to our point 1, needed to be read correctly because if these readings were incorrectly recorded here it would result in the whole exercise being in error. I found the levelling exercise to be least difficult from all the tasks because of the understandi ng of the group and equipment.The reason for levelling to point 1 was because it would have being impractical to detail around the library and level off to the Woodcock sports gym. Overall the course allowed me to make friends with different people and I was able to see if I could cope within a surveying working environment, which I think that I did well considering we lost a member of our team early on and had a few discussions about certain objectives we werent agreeing on.Surveying ProceduresThe group walked around the library marking points where the stations should be placed, they had to be in certain spots because the stations needed to be intervisable between each other. In total we had 7 stations around the library and using the theodolite the group took it in turns to measure the angles between stations and distances. Together with angles and distances between surrounding trees, walls etc. what I learnt during this task is that both concentration and use of equipment accura tely needed to done to get accurate answers. I also found that to set the theodolite the user needs to rotate it 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c horizontally and then 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c vertically to get the theodolite to re-set.In surveying as well as the practical field procedures the data needed to be accurately recorded and worked on, I did a lot of checking to see if the data was accurate and I recorded the measurements myself when other group members were carrying out the practical work. I felt communication between the group was constructed effectively.Diary of summer 2005 Surveying CourseThe group on Saturday mourning went out and walked around the library to locate positions which needed to be intervisable between stations, the diagram below shows the general layout of what the team collectively decided would be the final positions of the stations. This task took no long than 2 hours, which we then had a general idea of what to do on Monday.Monday: day1Levelling exercise from the woodcock s ports centre to station1 was conducted by Andrew Baily and Thomas Docker, whilst they were doing this myself and Henry were conducting the levelling between station, shown on the map above. To ensure we did this correctly we did this a few times to see if we could get the same data as before. I believe the group levelling to station 1 did there exercise 4 times again to get accurate readings. The group took it in turns to use the instruments so that everyone would be able to see and learn what exactly was going on. At this point Sarab Jit was the group leader, but I felt and other members felt he did not know what he was doing, but we never said anything. However the levelling exercise was completed on this day, with very accurate results.Tuesday: day2Angles between stations was our second task to be carried out, I felt that if we worked together on this task we would get a better understand of the equipment and reasons why we do certain measurements in particular ways, because it w as mentioned , that the group should split into 2 groups again. In the end my decision was undertaken. Using the theodolite we sighted to station2 from station1 and then extracted the data, and then we sighted to station 1 from station2, to give the distance and angles. We did this throughout the day, but because we did not know how to start off, it took sometime to get going, we called it a day at station5. Events on this day, reduced our team count to 4, Sarab Jit decided that the whole course was not for him and he left the group, Andrew Baily was then allocated group leader.Wednesday: day3Carrying on from yesterday, we managed to finish of the final three stations, which were stations, 5, 6 and 7. We did not have any problems on this day because we knew what we were doing and I made sure that everyone was taking turns in handling the equipment so that they learn. Around the university there were other groups conducting similar exercises, but were falling behind and so we called it a day, because we were ahead of them all. Another reason was because we did not want to rush the detailing of the area, as we knew this would need concentration.Thursday: day4Detailing of the area around the library, here we decided what should be detailed and what should not, because it was not practical to detail every item around the area, we decided to detail large objects, which ranged from pillars to flower beds. The whole day was spent detailing however we did not manage to finish the detailing.Friday: day 5The final day, on this day detailing was completed and the group sat down and looked at the data to see if it looked correct and that there were no major problems or concerns in general about the week.

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Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ... Free Essays on Football Free Essays on Football Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ...

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Academic degree Essay ? Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Decide Which Health Career is Best for You Healthcare Employers – Where to Work in the Medical Industry Medical Education – Training and Education Required for Health Careers Paying for Education Costs – How to Pay for Your Healthcare Education Healthcare Compensation – How You’ll Get Paid, and How Much Getting the Job – How to Secure Your Dream Job in Healthcare Health Career Advancement – Manage Your Healthcare Career for Success Professional Health Career Resources and Reference Materials Trends, News, and Issues Impacting Your Career in Healthcare Glossary of Terms for Health Careers. Blog Updated Articles and Resources View More Free Email Newsletter Let About. com send you the latest from our Health Careers Expert. You can opt-out at any time. Please refer to our privacy policy for contact information. Medical student holding flask with blue – Cultura Science/Matt Lincoln/Riser/Getty Images Cultura Science/Matt Lincoln/Riser/Getty Images Question: Why Is Education So Important for Success? Is education important to a successful career in the healthcare industry? And if so, how important is it, and why is education so important? Many readers and job seekers often ask why education is important with respect to one’s career, particularly in the healthcare industry. Some people also want to know how education can impact overall quality of life, in addition to the impact education has on one’s career. Many job seekers, some who have years of experience, may not even be considered for a job, or they may be passed over for a candidate who has a degree, or more education, but has less experience. Why? Ads Medical Science Degree theacademy. edu. au/medical_science Designed for high-achievers. Be mentored by experienced researchers Bachelor Courses www. seeklearning. com. au/Bachelor Study Online When It Suits You FEE-HELP Available. Enrol Now. Career Personality Quiz carecareers. com. au/CareerQuiz Find Out Which Jobs Suit You Best. Get your Free Personal Profile Now. Professional Degree Theology Degree Jobs Jobs Health Science Jobs Leadership Degree Answer: Education is very important to both your personal and professional life, in a number of significant ways! Depending on the level of success you’re seeking to achieve, the level of education may be relative, but the bottom line is, an education of some sort is often paramount to future success. Completing increasingly advanced levels of education shows that you have a drive and commitment to learn and apply information, ideas, theories, and formulas to achieve a variety of tasks and goals. Subject Matters: Probably the most obvious reason education is important is to acquire the subject matter and basic knowledge needed to get by in everyday life. For example: English and language skills: English and language skills will help you to communicate your ideas more clearly. Communication skills are essential in any role – whether you’re dealing with co-workers, patients, customers, or supervisors, you will need to effectively convey your plans, ideas, goals, and such. Math and science skills: Although calculators and computers are readily accessible, you still need to learn how to do basic computations and calculations on paper or in your head. If you are calculating dosages, counting surgical supplies, or tallying sales, math skills are imperative for a career, and for life. Cooking, shopping, driving, and many other everyday activities require math skills as well, regardless of your career choice. Ads The future of Speech www. jcu. edu. au/5stargrads Study Speech Pathology @ JCU Apply now for 2015! Distance Education wi. edu. au/Education_Diploma_Courses Online Teacher Education Courses. Apply for 2014, 3rd Session Intake The more you LEARN, the more you EARN: Have you ever noticed that the word LEARN contains the word EARN? Perhaps that is because the higher level of education you achieve, the higher level of income you are likely to command as well. For example, consider the following health careers and the educational requirements as they relate to annual income: Medical jobs, no college degree: Pay $20,000-40,000 annually, on average Allied Health Careers, two years of college: Pay from $40,000-60,000 annually. Nursing Careers, Associate’s or Bachelor Degree: Pay $40,000-55,000 on average annually. Advanced Nursing Careers, Master’s Degree required: Pay $60,000-90,000+ annually. Pharmacist, Bachelor’s, + PharmD: Pay $90,000-115,000 annually. Physician, Medical Doctorate required: Pay $120,000-$500,000+ annually Are you seeing the trend here? Clearly, education is important for financial growth in the healthcare field, as with many other careers. Many Employers Now Require Education for Employment: Another primary reason education is important, is that it’s become a basic requirement for so many employers, to even get your foot in the door. Many employers require college level education, even for roles which previously did not require it, such as administrative assistant positions. The fewer years of education you’ve completed, the fewer doors are open to you. It’s that simple. Educational requirements are a quick and easy way to narrow down the field of applicants, especially in situations where there are more applicants than jobs. When hiring from a field of candidates, employers prefer those who have completed the higher level of education. Why has education become so important to employers? In working with hiring managers to conduct candidate searches, it seems that the education requirement has become a barrier for entry into many careers, because education allows you to: Learn how to learn. School teaches you how to gather, learn, and apply knowledge. No matter what career you choose, you will need to learn procedures, information, and skills related to your job, and execute tasks based on that information and training. Develop interpersonal skills. School allows you to interact with other people and refine your communication skills, including those of persuasion, conflict resolution, and teamwork. Learn time and task management. Learn how to manage projects, deadlines, and complete assignments efficiently and effectively. Learn from experience of others. By attending school, you are able to learn from the experience and intellect of thousands of people who have gone before you. In just a few years, through your textbooks, research, and class lessons, school gives you a consolidated overview of theories, formulas, ideologies, and experiments conducted by generations of scientists, philosophers, mathematicians, historians, and other experts. While gaining your own personal work experience is helpful too, a formal education is a way to learn from centuries of others’ life and work and academic experience before you. As you can see, education is important to everyone, but education is even more important in the healthcare industry. Why? Technology, math and science are key components of many healthcare roles: Healthcare careers often require knowledge and understanding of the sciences, and technology. These fields are always changing and growing with new developments and discoveries. Therefore it’s imperative to have a basic understanding you can build on with continuing education throughout your career, to keep up with the latest changes and new information. Health professionals have a huge responsibility for the health, well-being, and survival of others. Therefore, health professionals must be particularly adept and relating to other people, learning and gathering information about a patient, and applying it to the treatment and care of that patient based on medical knowledge. For many healthcare roles, degrees and certifications are required for licensure to practice in a certain capacity. Many allied healthcare jobs require at least an associate’s degree, most nurses need bachelor’s degrees, and physicians and advanced practice nurses must have many years of post-graduate training to include master’s and doctorate degrees. Related Articles Healthcare Career Questions and Answers Education Levels and Employment Why You Should Get your Doctoral Degree How Much Education Do You Need for Criminal Justice and Criminology Careers? Legal Education and Training Our Expert Recommends Do I Need a College Degree to Work in the Medical Field? 5 Ways to Save on Tuition & Decrease Education Costs. 5 Ways to Pay for Education Without Piling on Major Debt Health Careers Essentials Young female nurse reading medical records by file cabinet at clinic – Hero Images/Digital Vision/Getty Images 6 Questions You Should Ask Before Choosing a Health Career Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Home health aide helping elderly woman on a walk – AE Pictures Inc. /Taxi/Getty Images These 6 Medical Jobs Are in Demand Right Now Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Happy female nurse looking away – Hero Images/Digital Vision/Getty Images The 6 Highest Paying Types of Medical Jobs Healthcare Compensation – How You’ll Get Paid, and How Much man drinking whiskey and smoking – Image Source/Digital Vision/Getty Images 5 Personal Habits That Could Kill Your Health Career Getting the Job – How to Secure Your Dream Job in Healthcare USA, New Jersey, Jersey City, Female doctor in hospital hallway – Tetra Images / Brand X Pictures / Getty Images Healthcare Career Questions and Answers Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Careers Slideshows Low angle view of four children pretending to be grown-ups – George Doyle / Stockbyte / Getty Images Is Your Job in the Top 15 Kids’ Dream Jobs? 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Our Story Advertise News Site Map All Topics Reprints Help Write for About Careers at About User Agreement Ethics Policy Patent Info Bizarre Entertainment Health How to Lifestyle Most Expensive Tech Travel Internet More List Crux Home > Education > Why Education is extremely Important? 10 Reasons Education How to Lifestyle Why Education is extremely Important? 10 Reasons By ankita Shrivastava | July 8, 20141 Comment 1 Education for all means has been the most important debate in all stages of society, progress and development. This might build in you the question as to why everyone is running behind education? What is it that makes us bind to education and makes it the center of attraction to all the aristocrats, law makers, parents and elders? Education isn’t about my marks or your standard its about knowledge and how well you are aware of the happenings around you. A person who is awakened knows what’s best for him/her, knows the difference between right and wrong and that’s when he is known as educated. 10. SOCIETY society We live in an ever progressing and developing society. Education in this society is not only a demarcation of the wealthy and poor but also of the uneducated and educated. Your reputation and social image is dependent on your educational qualifications. More than your salary, caste, creed or religion, people care about your degree for it demarks you from the rest. Society is also a cluster of different people, to deal with each we need knowledge of the system as well as our rights and duties which is only taught to us through different mediums of education. This helps us become a member of the society we live in and participate actively in the changes and development required in the society. 9. THE DIFFERENCE the difference. For education also makes us gain the knowledge of differentiating between different aspects of work, life and curriculum. For a person who isn’t educated he/she cannot discriminate as to when he is being fooled or when the stats are true. Country works on a certain curriculum, to follow those routes like in banks, government offices and day to day needs we need to be educated so that no one can hoax us with their knowledge. Your way of talking, perception and interaction in a social gathering shall always stand out compared to the one who is illiterate. 8. NOBODY CAN FOOL YOU nobody can fool you. The lower class of the society is often faced with the issue of not being literate like those who are more privileged, living in urban dynasties. Hence often the selfish urban tend to use the innocence and illiteracy of the uneducated in their favor. Often we come across cases where the farmers sign across wrong papers and have to face long life penalty for giving their land to someone else. This is only because the farmer is illiterate and hence can be easily fooled by words. Whereas an educated person is smart enough to demarcate the cunningness of those around and is less probable to be shot by such cases. 7. INDEPENDENT independent Education makes your growth optimum and helps you become independent to start your own life. It makes you reliable on your instincts and knowledge to take the right decision that does not harm your image and respect. An independent thought process is developed when your brain is open to all the forms of life and knowledge about how advanced the world has become and you witness the improvement in lifestyle. This makes you create your own mentality rather than being a herd follower of your ancestors it also gives you a broader outlook towards life and your career. 6. KNOWLEDGEABLE knowledgable. Education makes you knowledgeable, it makes you stand tall in a discussion and participate enthusiastically with no shame of going dumb. Knowledge makes you aware, potentially updated and also open minded. A person who lacks knowledge is considered to be foolish and regarded as either a learner or an illiterate. Though knowledge might turn to against you if not used in the best of intentions and calibre. 5. STABILITY stability When you are educated, you shall get a job easily. A career can be established by your credits and achievements in the educational field. This not only makes you independent but also helps you create a living. Stability comes when you are on your own, this cannot be achieved until you can excel in all forms and fields with a rigorous effort on scrubbing your caliber. We are all blank frames until and unless a drawing is not drawn, the frame shall remain un noticed and blank. If it is a good image, carefully drawn, specialized by critics the final result shall be explicit compared to rough drawings done by an un- experienced artist hence to be stable and be valued by the world we need education. Education shall support our endeavor and also speak on our behalf of our credits. 4. LIVING living. For a living, it has become mandatory for a citizen to be educated. Not only they are termed as barriers or qualifications to cross before coming in for an interview, but education also decides your performance in an interview. An educated person is aware of his surroundings and therefore can give explicit answers to questions asked whereas an illiterate might not be able to comprehend the questions that shall be bombarded on him. Moreover to apply for a job, the educational qualifications of a student act as the eligibility criteria which is must before the student is able to fill an application. Education opens to the world of our own where we can earn and form a living for ourselves. 3. SENSE OF RIGHT AND WRONG right and wrong To know if you are right, you should might as well know, WHAT IS RIGHT? If we go by terms of what people say there will be a huge confusion in our understanding, leading us to unwanted and fraud situations. This can only be corrected or check if we are educated enough to not be waved away. When a small child is given a toffee, he/she accepts it without understanding its ingredients, taste or what it might do to their health. Though if the same toffee is given to an educated person, he/she can sense the difference by checking their ingredients, taste or smell. This is because experience can education has made them aware of the difference between right and wrong. 2. WISDOM wisdom Education is often compared with wisdom. A person who is educated has wisdom and knowledge. Wisdom to know the correct and knowledge to reason it. Wisdom acts as the stepping stone during a person’s growth. A matured person is often considered to have more wisdom than a teenager because he/she has faced the cons of life and come out with experience that make them smart, careful and aware. These things can be taught to you in school/ colleges or by your parents or by personal experience but when we lack the urge to learn it is then that are downfall starts. 1. CAREER career A career makes our identity, it also decides our work frame, area of interest, caliber and future. This career holds true only when a person is educated. Education gives him/her the knowledge of their field so that they can pursue the career of their interest full fledged. On the contrary those who are illiterate are considered for labor jobs which do not require understanding, knowledge or development. They act as a source to the needs of the educated. Hence to have a secure and balanced career we need to work hard, learn new things, gain knowledge, spread our experience, help the society and become educated. Related posts: Top 10 Ways to Know That a Person is Lying Top 10 Ways to get Romantic when you Get Old Top 10 Reasons to have Trekking as a Hobby 10 Personality Traits of Person with Capricorn Astrological Sun Sign Top 10 Important things Money Can’t Buy Top 10 Characteristics of Hazel Eyed People Related Itemscareereducationimportance of basic educationlifewisdom of crowds ankita Shrivastava. < Previous Story Top 10 Ways to get to Know your Sibling Better Next Story > 10 Things Girls should Avoid on the First Date You may also like†¦ Skip a class Top 10 things to do Before You are 21 sweden Top 10 Best Countries for Higher Education 5. Remember It Happens to Everyone Top 10 Ways to Overcome an Embarrassing Moment Search Recent Posts 10 Reasons why Family Traditions are Important 10 Fun Things to do While Camping Top 10 Popular Video Games Played by Adults Top 10 Movies to Watch this Christmas Top 10 Ways to Double up the Adventure on a Trip Categories Bizarre Education Entertainment Food Health History How to Internet. Lifestyle More Most Expensive Relationships Tech Travel Follow us on Twitter About Advertise Contact Disclaimer Privacy Policy Write for Us List Crux All kinds of facts on diverse topics are condensed into interesting top 10 lists by our curious, intelligent and well informed authors. From movies to music, from food to clothes, from gadgets to natural beauty, you will find a huge variety of heterogeneous information in the form of captivating lists here. Copyright  © 2013 ListCrux. com Calender August 2014 M T W T F S S  « Jul 123 45678910 11121314151617 18192021222324 25262728293031 Search Archives August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014. April 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 It Gives Knowledge â€Å"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. † – Benjamin Franklin A direct effect of education is knowledge gain. Education gives us knowledge of the world around. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life. It helps us form opinions and develop a point of view. The information we are constantly bombarded with, cannot be converted into knowledge without the catalyst called education. Education makes us capable of interpreting things rightly and applying the gathered information in real life scenarios. Education is not limited to lessons from textbooks. Real education is obtained from the lessons taught by life. It Leads to Career Progression â€Å"An expert is one who knows more and more about less and less. † – Nicholas M. Butler Education is important because it equips us with the expertise that is needed in helping us realize our career goals. Expertise is an in-depth knowledge about a specific field and it’s ought to open doors to brilliant career opportunities. Education fetches better prospects of career growth. Good education is an eligibility criterion for employment in any sector of the industry. Be it any field, education always proves to be rewarding. We  are weighed in the market on the basis of our educational skills and on how well we can apply them. It Builds Character â€Å"A man’s own manner and character is what most becomes him. † – Marcus Tullius Cicero The words ‘cultivate’ and ‘civilize’ are synonymous with ‘educate’. That says it all. Education is important as it teaches us the right behavior and good manners, thus making us civilized. It is the basis of culture and civilization. It is instrumental in the development of our values and virtues. Education cultivates us into mature individuals; individuals capable of planning for the future, and taking the right decisions in life. It gives us an insight into living, and teaches us to learn from experience. It makes us self-confident, and develops our†¦ Continues for 2 more pages  » Read full document Full access is free for premium users. Add to Library (0) Download Print Report this Essay Facebook Twitter Google+ Send Rate This Document 4. 5 1 2 3 4 5 Read full document Full access is free for premium users. Document Details Words: 790 Related Essays why is education so impo †¦ isn’t cool it puts stress in many people’s life. So think before you act or speak†¦ 1 Pages Why Is Childhood so Impo †¦ Why Is Childhood Important? Written by Evan Bailyn on 06/20 at†¦ 3 Pages Why Poetry Is so Importa †¦ on the writer’s feelings, history and perceptions, so every person has the†¦ 2 Pages Why English so important †¦ article was downloaded by: [Hong Kong Institute of Education] On: 19 November†¦ 41 Pages Why Is History so Import †¦ Why is History so important? My mom always told me†¦ 1 Pages Cite This Essay APA (2013, 12). Why is Education so Important? Academic degree. (2016, Sep 22).

Is police brutality still an issue in todays society Essay

Is police brutality still an issue in todays society - Essay Example This paper discusses the manifestation of police brutality in today’s society. During the civil rights movement of the 1960’s there were lots of protests and at times violent incidents which led to cases of police brutality. â€Å"The 1960’s civil rights movement in the United States was also accompanied with police brutality, especially in the cases of mixed race marches†¦.† (Wisegeek, 2009). During such marches the police utilized tactics such as pain holds, pepper spray, and batons to intimidate the protesters which many times resulted in physical injury. One of the most famous cases of policy brutality occurred in 1991. That year a black man named Rodney King was physically abused by a gang of cops who almost beat this man to death during a routine traffic stop. A citizen caught the hold incident on video tape and the person turned the evidence over to the justice department. The case went to trial and despite the clear evidence of police brutality the policemen were declared innocent. In the aftermath of the court decision the bl ack community was outraged and riots spread out through Los Angeles. The infamous incident is commonly referred to as the L.A. riots of 1991. The police claimed it would make changes to prevent police brutality from manifesting itself, but the results of their efforts to clean up the police departments across America have not been too effective. Police brutality is not only a problem in the United States it is also a problem in other parts of the world. In 1996 over 5,000 students from Yunsei University in Seoul were involved in a protest. The police intervened to stop the protesters. Their tactics were both abusive and illegal. â€Å"Two helicopters hovered over the two buildings, pouring liquidized and colored tear gas, and the 3,400 policemen blocking the entrance to the building fired tear gas grenades toward the students in

Current issues in dissability studies activity 12 Essay

Current issues in dissability studies activity 12 - Essay Example t for successful transition, because an individual may perform better in one environment than the other; and the transition to adulthood encompasses several factors outlined above (Lones, 1997). However, some assessments are required to ascertain the level of individual involvement in the process; the level of parental involvement; the level of school involvement and the extent of involvement of other inter-agencies. When all these issues have been analyzed, it is possible to determine how successful the transition will be. The process of inclusion can depend on how much usefulness the disabled person to the society. If the person has acquired good education, such a person could be included in the working environment where such knowledge would be utilized. The person may also be included in the community activities. But when such an assessment has not been properly made, it may be difficult for the individual to be fully included in the society. Answer 2: There are certain issues that all parties (parents, schools, agencies etc) involved in helping a disabled individual undergo transition must take note of: (i) the individual must be given full support during the transition stage; (ii) the individual must be assessed periodically about the level of knowledge acquisition; (iii) the society must be patient for the individual to demonstrate his or her capability, which will encourage smooth inclusion; (iv) the individual must be encouraged at every stage of the transition and inclusion. Once the issues highlighted above have been taken good care of, the inclusion of such an individual in community activities, working environments, educational setting, and other places, would be smooth and

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Being Earnest Essay We live, as I hope you know, Mr Worthing, in an age of ideals what are these ideals in the context of the play in Act One, and how does Wilde present them to the audience?  In The Importance of Being Earnest, ideals are a dominant theme, and to that end are critical in determining the actions of the characters. Wilde is typically subtle in his presentation of these ideals, and consequently many of them come to be used as a means for satirising the society depicted. It is important to establish from the outset that Wildes presentation of ideals utilizes the different characters as bastions for the various ideals, and in doing that subjects them to scrutiny when ridiculing their respective characterizations. One of the most important ideals presented is fittingly one of the first to become apparent; that being the division of the classes and the social status that they entail. On line 1 of the play, Algernon asks Lane, after playing the piano in the adjoining room: Did you hear what I was playing. Lane? Lanes response: I didnt think it polite to listen, sir is indicative of various aspects of his position. Firstly, his butlership requires that he should abstain from partaking in any activity considered to be distracting to his duties, of which listening to the piano would be one. Secondly, his position in society, that of one of the lower classes, demands utter obsequiousness, hence any comment on Algernons playing would be risky in case it appeared to be unflattering. The ideal of social standing being absolute is immediately challenged by Wilde, as it is quite preposterous that Lane should think it not polite to listen, a distinctly ironic and seditious undertone is palpable. In this instance, Algernon represents the foppish dandy without a brain, whereas Lanes quiet obedience, representative of the downtrodden worker, whilst not perhaps admirable is at least sensible. Thus, Wilde establishes certain connections between the tenets of proper society, and its greatest protagonists, and hence weakens the establishment. The fact that this is done through the means of an implicitly comic exchange helps to alleviate any graveness associated with the matter. Connected to the ideal of status and society is the position of women, which is also a prevalent theme in Act 1. During the Victorian Age and before, it was considered proper practice that woman have an inferior position in society to men. This was effected by their disenfranchisement and their inability to ascend to high positions, whether it is in society or in the work place. It is therefore a shock to the system when Gwendolen challenges Jacks natural authority when speaking to him about their marriage. Whereas he is vacillating and circuitous in what he says: I do mean something else Personally, darling, to speak quite candidly, Gwendolen is forceful and direct: I thought so. In fact, I am never wrong I would certainly advise you to do so. By being so controlling, Gwendolen reverses the accepted patriarchy, and in doing so challenges the ideal. In this case in point, Wilde is quite prepared to dispose of any comic vignettes in order to make a point; instead the dialogue itself provides ample means for dismissing the given principle that women should be subordinate. The character of Lady Bracknell is another example of a dominating woman; a slightly more matronly persona gives some precedence for such commands as: Mr Worthing! Rise, sir, from this semi-recumbent posture however her assumption of authority is still contradictory to the established social norms. Her verbose and eloquent manner of speaking is also out of the ordinary, as it challenges the demure image normally associated with women. Lady Bracknell challenges the patriarchal society in a more forceful and deliberate way than does Gwendolen, as seen from her interviewing Jack: You can take a seat, Mr Worthing. Although this matronly caricature is somewhat trite by todays standards, at the time of writing it would have served to provide an original attack on the males dominance of the running of society.

Vibrio cholerae, the Human Immune System, and Vaccines Essay -- Choler

Vibrio cholerae, the Human Immune System, and Vaccines Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are currently three types of available vaccines: parenteral, whole killed V. cholerae O1 added with a recombinant part of one of cholera toxin’s subunits (WC/rBS), and another one based on genetically manipulated V. cholerae CVD103-HgR. Research on finding a safe, effective vaccine continues today in o rder to stop such a distructive disease. Cholera, a devastating epidemic disease, has been around for hundreds of years and now annually kills 120,000 people worldwide (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 6). It is acquired by consuming water contaminated with feces or ingesting food that has been washed with contaminated water. Cholera is caused by a gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium called Vibrio cholerae which can be further classified into two separate biotypes (El Tor and classical) and multiple other serotypes. Once inside the body, V. cholerae attaches and adapts itself to the mucosal epithelial lining of the intestines then produces an exotoxin, cholera toxin (CT), which disrupts the norma... ...e cholera pandemics, and gained much knowledge from each one, but it still manages to persist in the environment and continues to be a huge issue. Unfortunately, many developing countries still have inadequate water supplies and sanitation but there is not much that can be done. Many mysteries remain unanswered and so the search for a safe and effective cholera vaccine continues on. Sources: Drasar, B.S., B.D. Forrest. Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996. Salyers A., Abigail, Dixie D. Whitt. Bacterial Pathogenesis: A molecular approach. Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1994 Weekly Epidemiological Record No. 16. 2001. World Health Organization. July 25. 2007 World Health Organization. Guidelines for Cholera Control. Geneva, 1993 Vibrio cholerae, the Human Immune System, and Vaccines Essay -- Choler Vibrio cholerae, the Human Immune System, and Vaccines Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are currently three types of available vaccines: parenteral, whole killed V. cholerae O1 added with a recombinant part of one of cholera toxin’s subunits (WC/rBS), and another one based on genetically manipulated V. cholerae CVD103-HgR. Research on finding a safe, effective vaccine continues today in o rder to stop such a distructive disease. Cholera, a devastating epidemic disease, has been around for hundreds of years and now annually kills 120,000 people worldwide (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 6). It is acquired by consuming water contaminated with feces or ingesting food that has been washed with contaminated water. Cholera is caused by a gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium called Vibrio cholerae which can be further classified into two separate biotypes (El Tor and classical) and multiple other serotypes. Once inside the body, V. cholerae attaches and adapts itself to the mucosal epithelial lining of the intestines then produces an exotoxin, cholera toxin (CT), which disrupts the norma... ...e cholera pandemics, and gained much knowledge from each one, but it still manages to persist in the environment and continues to be a huge issue. Unfortunately, many developing countries still have inadequate water supplies and sanitation but there is not much that can be done. Many mysteries remain unanswered and so the search for a safe and effective cholera vaccine continues on. Sources: Drasar, B.S., B.D. Forrest. Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996. Salyers A., Abigail, Dixie D. Whitt. Bacterial Pathogenesis: A molecular approach. Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1994 Weekly Epidemiological Record No. 16. 2001. World Health Organization. July 25. 2007 World Health Organization. Guidelines for Cholera Control. Geneva, 1993

India Problems Essay

India should stop obsessing about how to become one of the world’s great powers and focus on solving its biggest problems to become a great nation, Sundeep Wasleka, the president of Strategic Foresight Group, writes in this month’s Forbes India. At present, regardless of the hype, India is failing, Wasleka suggests. Politicians and business leaders are always thumping their chests over India’s rising importance in the G20 and lobby for a new G10 (the G8 plus India and China). But 200 out of the country’s 600 districts are infested with Maoist revolutionaries who know full well their strategy for changing the country is tantamount to suicide. And while China has (belatedly) made its great leap forward, India is still limping two steps ahead and then stumbling back one. Here’s Waslekar: * Twenty years ago, the average productivity of a cow or a buffalo in both India and China was in the region of 1,000-2,000 litres of milk each year. An Indian buffalo continues to deliver the same yields, while an animal bred in China delivers five times as much. Why? What is it about the Indian dairy farmer that holds him back? * India is a rain-dependent nation. But on average, only 38 percent of arable land is irrigated. Solutions like drip irrigation are available to redress the problem. But only a meagre 5 percent of available land has seen this solution. Why don’t Indian farmers demand drip irrigation? * There are roughly 450 million people in India that make up our work force. Of these, 90 percent haven’t completed school education. Why? Because, of the 630,000 villages in India, over 500,000 don’t have schools that can provide education above Class VII. Without a doubt, labour productivity is linked to education. Why does the Indian labourer not demand education? Good questions, which the writer doesn’t exactly answer. But he does offer some solutions. Or what I’ll call: 5 Ways to Fix India: 1. Make politicians live like the voters. When Turkey’s Recep Tayyip Erdogan of the AK Party came to power, the country was ruled by military elites, and regular people had to lump it. But Erdogan decided to change the country’s political and economic future by changing the mindset of its leaders. On assuming power, Erdogan moved into a two-storey house in downtown Ankara and ruled that all ministers and members of Parliament ought to live in their own homes. In a speech delivered at the Turkish Parliament he argued, â€Å"If you want to be representatives of people, you must live and work with your people.† He then proceeded to take away other privileges they enjoyed. He followed it up by calling in people from the construction business and asking them to reduce invoices he reckoned were inflated or face being blacklisted for all government projects. He also made it clear that any compromise on quality, durability or deadlines in building roads, dams or other projects with public money would attract severe penalties. He then moved to provide special grants to the poorest and incentives to small businesses in an attempt to provide a fillip to the rural economy. He issued orders that his government focus on education in the most backward provinces of Turkey. Five years was all it took to effect a transformation. The party came back to power in 2007 and again last year. It was the kind of change that took Southeast Asian countries almost two decades. Can it happen in India? It looks as though it could, if you compare two Himalayan states–Sikkim and Jammu & Kashmir. Both lie in the l ap of the Himalayas. Sikkim has the Chinese to contend with and J&K the Pakistanis. Sikkim has Christians and Buddhists and J&K has Muslims, all national minorities, as the majority population and both have had controversial histories of accession to India. Both remain poor. But Jammu & Kashmir has been plagued by insurgency and violence while Sikkim is one of the most peaceful states in the country. This, in spite of the fact that Kashmir gets more Central funding than Sikkim! Probe deeper and you realise this is a function of the relationship between the rulers and the common people. Sikkim’s economy is balanced towards development. The society there has worked out an informal contract and the emphasis is on a balanced relationship between the leadership and the people. In J&K, inequality has existed since the 1950s, with one family calling the shots. 2. Eliminate inequality  Two-thirds of Indians work as farmers, yet they account for only a fifth of GDP — and they live in dismal conditions, with little chance of upward mobility, for the most part. Why so? One of the reasons why this discrepancy exists is because farmers experience trade barriers, like the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC), which puts serious restrictions on whom they can sell to. And solutions that exist in the form of co-operatives often operate as monopolies in the hands of political families who do everything they can to prevent the competing co-operatives. What to do about it? If growth is the mandate, the agricultural economy has to be liberalised and producers set free. Because when farmers and rural industries have access to a steady income, they will invest in improving productivity. That, in turn, will push everybody into building a country where the ruling class and citizens are equals. To start the process, though, one question needs to be answered. Do you expend energies into getting into the Top 10 in terms of GDP? Or do you focus on getting the Human Development Index (HDI), where India has consistently ranked below 120, to higher levels? What a low HDI means is that for all the GDP growth and the consequent prosperity, development is superficial at best. 3. Unleash innovation  The reason India doesn’t have its own Apple or Samsung isn’t because the country’s leading minds are focused on stripping products down to their essentials to hit the market at the bottom of the pyramid, Waslekar argues. It’s because industry isn’t paying enough attention to research that doesn’t have immediate impact on their company’s bottom line. â€Å"In India, I can only think of the Tatas who founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS),† Waslekar writes. But meanwhile: In the next two to three decades, the fourth industrial revolution will be underway. The first industrial revolution took place in late 18th Century, the second in the late 19th Century, and computerisation is the third. The fourth includes genomics, nanotechnology and robotics (GNR). These apart, expect breakthroughs in space technology, renewable energy and water technologies. All of these will transform the world. India has to decide whether it wants to be a great power by servicing multinationals and providing software engineers who work at the low end of the cost curve, or be a lead player in the new revolution. 4. Deploy technology to democratize education  India’s government-run schools are terrible, and education faces a drastic shortage of teachers across the board. But the government isn’t doing enough to utilize community radio stations and its satellite network to enable distance education for anybody who’s interested, Waslekar argues. If this technology were deployed into education, a few crore of rupees and the 700,000 villages with no access to schools suddenly become accessible. India has a satellite in orbit as well, which is meant to be used exclusively for education. Any institution can use it to impart remote education to children in Naxalite-affected areas in central and northern India; or to the schools located in difficult-to-access regions such as the North East. (Okay, this one has a few holes). 5. Improve relations with key neighbors Never mind the contradictions, in this one. Turkey made itself a key feature in its neighborhood by inking a free trade pact with Syria, which meant that when Syria chalked out a peace plan with Israel, Damascus insisted that Turkey would be the interlocutor. On the other hand, terrorists never think of attacking Norway or Sweden because â€Å"their objective was not to build a security infrastructure because there is only so long and so often it can counter attacks; but to build nations nobody thinks of attacking.† Huh? So India should shoehorn its way into international disputes, like Turkey. But at the same time remain on the isolated fringe, like Sweden? All while sitting sandwiched between Pakistan and China, while the US makes a play to take back the Pacific? He lost me there. But the article still merits a close reading.